“…Additionally, there is even less of an understanding of the parallels between the goals of BIAs and the visitor economy, and how visitors may present opportunities for BIAs to reach these goals. Current literature acknowledges a connection between BIAs and tourism (Ha & Grunwell, 2014;Hackworth & Rekers, 2005;Houstoun & Levy, 2003;Ratcliffe & Flanagan, 2004;Schmiz, 2019), however there is very limited understanding about what this relationship entails and the economic and social implications. Furthermore, these gaps in the literature are widened as a result of COVID-19.…”