Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var vulpes) in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population in north‐west Surrey

Bates, Peter

doi:10.1136/vr.152.4.112

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Thus, we hypothesize that after stage A, the animal enters either stage B and dies, or stage C and survives, depending on largely unknown extrinsic or intrinsic factors affecting the host's ability to control mite infestation. Our findings support the review of Pence and Ueckermann (2002) and subsequent observations of Skerrat (2003) and Bates (2003). They provide a solid basis for investigating factors possibly influencing the development of mange lesions and disease dynamics within a wild population.…”

Section: Dermatohistology and Cellular Responsesupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Since our results indicate that lesion characteristics do not always correlate with distribution patterns, we recommend recording them separately when describing MLL, in accordance with Skerratt et al (1999). Focal mange lesions on various areas of the body are commonly seen in dogs, (e.g., on pinnae, legs, flank, or lumbar region; Pin et al, 2006) but have rarely been described in wild canids (Bornstein et al, 2001;Bates, 2003). This may be because wild animals are often examined after lesions have already generalized and detailed systematic records of lesions are not usually kept.…”

Section: Serologymentioning

confidence: 86%

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Pathology of Sarcoptic Mange in Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes): Macroscopic and Histologic Characterization of Three Disease Stages

Nimmervoll

Hoby

Robert

et al. 2013

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease that can have a devastating impact on affected wild mammal populations. There are notable variations in the clinical and pathologic picture of sarcoptic mange among species and among conspecifics. However, the origin of these variations is unclear. We propose a classification scheme for skin lesions associated with Sarcoptes scabiei infestation to provide a basis for a subsequent risk factor analysis. We conducted a casecontrol study focused on macroscopic and histologic examination of the skin, using 279 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) found dead or shot in Switzerland between November 2004 and February 2006. All animals were submitted to gross necropsy following a detailed protocol. Selection criteria for cases (n5147) vs. controls (n5111) were the presence or absence of mange-like lesions, mite detection by isolation or histologic examination, and serologic testing for S. scabiei antibodies. Characteristic features of mange lesions were scored macroscopically in all foxes and histologically in 67 cases and 15 controls. We classified skin lesions and associated necropsy findings into three types of mange: A) early stage (n545): focal-extensive skin lesions, thin crusts, mild to moderate alopecia, few mites, numerous eosinophils, and mild lymph node enlargement; B) hyperkeratotic, fatal form (n586): generalized skin lesions, thick crusts with or without alopecia, foul odor, abundance of mites, numerous bacteria and yeasts, numerous lymphocytes and mast cells, severe lymph node enlargement, and emaciation; C) alopecic, healing form (n516): focal lesions, no crusts, severe alopecia, hyperpigmentation and lichenification, absence of mites, mixed cell infiltration, and rare mild lymph node enlargement. We hypothesize that after stage A, the animal either enters stage B and dies, or stage C and survives, depending on largely unknown extrinsic or intrinsic factors affecting the host ability to control mite infestation.

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Section: Dermatohistology and Cellular Responsesupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Serologymentioning

confidence: 86%

Pathology of Sarcoptic Mange in Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes): Macroscopic and Histologic Characterization of Three Disease Stages

Nimmervoll

Hoby

Robert

et al. 2013

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…However, it is clear that mange did not first appear at this time, as has been suggested by some authors (Simpson, 2002;Bates, 2003). It is known to have been present in London since at least the 1940s, and dramatically reduced fox numbers in some parts of the city in the 1970s and was also present in parts of Kent and Surrey at that time (S. Harris, unpublished data).…”

Section: Sarcoptic Mange In Red Foxes In Europe: a Brief Historymentioning

confidence: 72%

“…The most recent large-scale outbreak of mange in Britain appears to have arisen in the early 1990s, having spread to a large proportion of England and Wales in just a few years (Simpson, 2002(Simpson, , 2003Bates, 2003;Clayton, 2003). However, it is clear that mange did not first appear at this time, as has been suggested by some authors (Simpson, 2002;Bates, 2003).…”

Section: Sarcoptic Mange In Red Foxes In Europe: a Brief Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Volume contents

et al. 2006

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1. Disease epizootics can significantly influence host population dynamics and the structure and functioning of ecological communities. Sarcoptic mange Sarcoptes scabiei has dramatically reduced red fox populations Vulpes vulpes in several countries, including Britain, although impacts on demographic processes are poorly understood. We review the literature on the impact of mange on red fox populations, assess its current distribution in Britain through a questionnaire survey and present new data on resultant demographic changes in foxes in Bristol, UK. 2. A mange epizootic in Sweden spread across the entire country in < 10 years resulting in a decline in fox density of up to 95%; density remained lowered for 15-20 years. In Spain, mange has been enzootic for > 75 years and is widely distributed; mange presence was negatively correlated with habitat quality. 3. Localized outbreaks have occurred sporadically in Britain during the last 100 years. The most recent large-scale outbreak arose in the 1990s, although mange has been present in south London and surrounding environs since the 1940s. The questionnaire survey indicated that mange was broadly distributed across Britain, but areas of perceived high prevalence (> 50% affected) were mainly in central and southern England. Habitat type did not significantly affect the presence/absence of mange or perceived prevalence rates. Subjective assessments suggested that populations take 15-20 years to recover. 4. Mange appeared in Bristol's foxes in 1994. During the epizootic phase , mange spread through the city at a rate of 0.6-0.9 km/month, with a rise in infection in domestic dogs Canis familiaris c. 1-2 months later. Juvenile and adult fox mortality increased and the proportion of females that reproduced declined but litter size was unaffected. Population density declined by > 95%. 5. In the enzootic phase (1996-present), mange was the most significant mortality factor. Juvenile mortality was significantly higher than in the pre-mange period, and the number of juveniles classified as dispersers declined. Mange infection reduced the reproductive potential of males and females: females with advanced mange did not breed; severely infected males failed to undergo spermatogenesis. In 2004, Bristol fox population density was only 15% of that in 1994.Keywords: Canidae, demographic changes, enzootic, epizootic, red fox, wildlife disease (Funk et al., 2001;Cleaveland et al., 2002;Woodroffe et al., 2004). From an applied perspective, the pre-and post-exposure management of such wildlife diseases can be difficult, controversial and result in significant economic costs (e.g. Flamand et al., 1992; Krebs & the Independent Scientific Review Group, 1997;Aubert, 1999;Donnelly et al., 2003), although, conversely, diseases have also been utilized in the management of problems caused by some feral or wild species (Fenner & Fantini, 1999;Bester et al., 2002). Furthermore, wildlife diseases can also exert significant impacts on host population dynamics (Tompkins et al., 2002) a...

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“…Sarcoptic mange has caused epidemic mortality among a number of wild animal populations including canids (Little et al, 1998;Bates, 2003), cats, boars, wombats, apes, and bovids (Pence and Ueckermann, 2002), and is one of a growing number of ''emerging infectious diseases of wildlife'' (Daszak et al, 2000). Such diseases may ''spill over'' into wildlife populations from a domestic animal or human reservoir, and then ''spill back'' from wildlife to domestic animals and humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outfoxing a Rash: Clinical Example of Human–Wildlife Interaction

Rabinowitz

Gordon

2004

EcoHealth

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Increasing human-wildlife contact can manifest in a variety of clinical conditions that may be overlooked by both human health and veterinary professionals. We report on an outbreak of scabies infection in a community, affecting both animals and humans, and representing the effects of an emerging infectious disease in a wildlife population. These cases underscore the potential importance of ''animal sentinel'' events for human, animal, and ecosystem health. The treatment given to the human cases of infection ranged from aggressive therapy to watchful waiting, with similar outcomes. There is a need for further collaborative, evidence-based research by human and veterinary health professionals into the optimal treatment and prevention of infections resulting from cross-species transmission.

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Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var vulpes) in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population in north‐west Surrey

Abstract: Incidence of polysaccharide storage myopathy in draft horse-related breeds: a necropsy study of 37 horses and a mule. Jouirnal of Veterinary Diagnostic

Cited by 28 publications

References 15 publications

Pathology of Sarcoptic Mange in Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes): Macroscopic and Histologic Characterization of Three Disease Stages

Pathology of Sarcoptic Mange in Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes): Macroscopic and Histologic Characterization of Three Disease Stages

Volume contents

Outfoxing a Rash: Clinical Example of Human–Wildlife Interaction

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