Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences

Hong, So Hyeon; Choi, Kyung Mook

doi:10.3390/ijms21020494

Cited by 179 publications

(194 citation statements)

References 153 publications

(160 reference statements)

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“…Sarcopenic obesity is defined by the concomitant presence of sarcopenia and obesity [96]. The various diagnostic criteria that have been proposed and used for sarcopenic obesity hinder the effective comparison and meta-analysis of various studies conducted on sarcopenic obesity [96].…”

Section: Sarcopenic Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition Management in Older Adults with Diabetes: A Review on the Importance of Shifting Prevention Strategies from Metabolic Syndrome to Frailty

et al. 2020

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The increasing prevalence of older adults with diabetes has become a major social burden. Diabetes, frailty, and cognitive dysfunction are closely related to the mechanisms of aging. Insulin resistance, arteriosclerosis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction may be common mechanisms shared by frailty and cognitive impairment. Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, obesity, vascular factors, physical inactivity, and malnutrition are important risk factors for cognitive impairment and frailty in older adults with diabetes. The impact of nutrients on health outcomes varies with age; thus, shifting diet therapy strategies from the treatment of obesity/metabolic syndrome to frailty prevention may be necessary in patients with diabetes who are over 75 years of age, have frailty or sarcopenia, and experience malnutrition. For the prevention of frailty, optimal energy intake, sufficient protein and vitamin intake, and healthy dietary patterns should be recommended. The treatment of diabetes after middle age should include the awareness of proper glycemic control aimed at extending healthy life expectancy with proper nutrition, exercise, and social connectivity. Nutritional therapy in combination with exercise, optimal glycemic and metabolic control, and social participation/support for frailty prevention can extend healthy life expectancy and maintain quality of life in older adults with diabetes mellitus.

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Section: Sarcopenic Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition Management in Older Adults with Diabetes: A Review on the Importance of Shifting Prevention Strategies from Metabolic Syndrome to Frailty

et al. 2020

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“…Patients with NAFLD can develop IR and obesity, together with sarcopenia and muscle fibrosis, which can have to OS as a common cause [ 77 ]. In obesity (a risk factor of NAFLD), there is sarcopenia, fibrosis, and high lipid content in skeletal muscle, a status known as sarcopenic obesity.…”

Section: Influence Of Oxidative Stress In Nonalcoholic Fatty Livermentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Oxidative Stress in Hepatic and Extrahepatic Dysfunctions during Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

González

Huerta-Salgado

Orozco-Aguilar

et al. 2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathology that contains a broad liver dysfunctions spectrum. These alterations span from noninflammatory isolated steatosis until nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more aggressive form of the disease characterized by steatosis, inflammatory status, and varying liver degrees fibrosis. NAFLD is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide. The causes of NAFLD are diverse and include genetic and environmental factors. The presence of NASH is strongly associated with cirrhosis development and hepatocellular carcinoma, two conditions that require liver transplantation. The liver alterations during NAFLD are well described. Interestingly, this pathological condition also affects other critical tissues and organs, such as skeletal muscle and even the cardiovascular, renal, and nervous systems. Oxidative stress (OS) is a harmful state present in several chronic diseases, such as NAFLD. The purpose of this review is to describe hepatic and extrahepatic dysfunctions in NAFLD. We will also review the influence of OS on the physiopathological events that affect the critical function of the liver and peripheral tissues.

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“…Insulin resistance (IR) has been defined as a dysmetabolic condition in which the peptide hormone insulin produces a less-than-expected biological effect on peripheral target tissues, leading to hyperinsulinemia, the diagnostic hallmark of IR [1]. IR affects approximately 25%-35% of Westernized populations [2] and is consistently associated with obesity [3] and obesity-related complications, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus [4], cardiovascular disease (CVD) [5,6], certain types of cancer [7], infertility [8], non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [9,10], and cognitive impairment [11]. Although surgical and pharmacological strategies [12] have been shown to be useful, energy reduced diets, as part of a healthy lifestyle, may almost invariably facilitate weight loss and reduce IR in these patients [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean Diet Nutrients to Turn the Tide against Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases

et al. 2020

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Insulin resistance (IR), defined as an attenuated biological response to circulating insulin, is a fundamental defect in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and is also linked to a wide spectrum of pathological conditions, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cognitive impairment, endothelial dysfunction, chronic kidney disease (CKD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and some endocrine tumors, including breast cancer. In obesity, the unbalanced production of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines can lead to the development of IR and its related metabolic complications, which are potentially reversible through weight-loss programs. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), characterized by high consumption of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), nuts, red wine, vegetables and other polyphenol-rich elements, has proved to be associated with greater improvement of IR in obese individuals, when compared to other nutritional interventions. Also, recent studies in either experimental animal models or in humans, have shown encouraging results for insulin-sensitizing nutritional supplements derived from MedDiet food sources in the modulation of pathognomonic traits of certain IR-related conditions, including polyunsaturated fatty acids from olive oil and seeds, anthocyanins from purple vegetables and fruits, resveratrol from grapes, and the EVOO-derived, oleacein. Although the pharmacological properties and clinical uses of these functional nutrients are still under investigation, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the metabolic benefits appear to be compound-specific and, in some cases, point to a role in gene expression through an involvement of the nuclear high-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) protein.

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Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences

Cited by 179 publications

References 153 publications

Nutrition Management in Older Adults with Diabetes: A Review on the Importance of Shifting Prevention Strategies from Metabolic Syndrome to Frailty

Nutrition Management in Older Adults with Diabetes: A Review on the Importance of Shifting Prevention Strategies from Metabolic Syndrome to Frailty

Role of Oxidative Stress in Hepatic and Extrahepatic Dysfunctions during Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Mediterranean Diet Nutrients to Turn the Tide against Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases

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