Sarcopenia and obesity

Zamboni, Mauro; Rubele, Sofia; Rossi, Andrea P.

doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000519

Cited by 107 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The operational definition of sarcopenic obesity is still under discussion (36) and hence there is no universally accepted classification (24,40,52) . There is a marked heterogeneity in definitions and approaches to diagnose sarcopenic obesity (54) .…”

Section: Sarcopenic Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The body composition of older adults can therefore be categorised as: normal, sarcopenic, obese or sarcopenic obese. Visceral fat and muscle mass are connected pathogenically and share common pathways including decline in physical activity, low energy expenditure, increase in insulin resistance and inflammation (6,(34)(35)(36)(37) . The co-existence of both sarcopenia and obesity in older adults may therefore interact and increase their effects on risk of CVD and mortality, which may result in older adults with a sarcopenic obese body composition having the worse disease and mortality outcomes (6,(38)(39)(40) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sarcopenic obesity in ageing: cardiovascular outcomes and mortality

Atkins¹,

Wannamathee

2020

Br J Nutr

101

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Obesity is a major public health issue with prevalence increasing worldwide. Obesity is a well-established risk factor for CVD and mortality in adult populations. However, the impact of being overweight or obese in the elderly on CVD and mortality is controversial. Some studies even suggest that overweight and obesity, measured by BMI, are apparently associated with a decreased mortality risk (known as the obesity paradox). Ageing is associated with an increase in visceral fat and a progressive loss of muscle mass. Fat mass is positively associated and lean mass is negatively associated with risk of mortality. Therefore, in older adults BMI is not a good indicator of obesity. Sarcopenia has been defined as the degenerative loss of muscle mass, quality and strength with age and is of major concern in ageing populations. Sarcopenia has previously been associated with increased risks of metabolic impairment, cardiovascular risk factors, physical disability and mortality. It is possible for sarcopenia to co-exist with obesity, and sarcopenic obesity is a new class of obesity in older adults who have high adiposity levels together with low muscle mass, quality or strength. Therefore, sarcopenia with obesity may act together to increase their effect on metabolic disorders, CVD and mortality. This review will discuss the available evidence for the health implications of sarcopenic obesity on CVD and mortality in older adults.

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Section: Sarcopenic Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sarcopenic obesity in ageing: cardiovascular outcomes and mortality

Atkins¹,

Wannamathee

2020

Br J Nutr

101

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“…Age-related declines in muscle mass and muscle strength may subsequently lead to reduction in physical activity [5]. A decline in muscle mass and physical activity reduces total energy expenditure, which leads to weight gain primarily in the form of visceral abdominal fat [7]. Accumulation of adipose tissue or the presence of adipocyte-infiltrating macrophages leads to increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [8].…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Visceral and Subcutaneous Fat And Its Relatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An alternative definition of sarcopenic obesity has been recently proposed, suggesting the combination of low muscle strength (as opposed to muscle mass) and abdominal obesity, thereby introducing the concept of dynapenic obesity [6]. Nevertheless, the lack of consensus with regards to the appropriate diagnostic tools and criteria represent major shortcomings in terms of defining the concept of sarcopenic obesity that is easily adopted by clinical guidelines [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypes of Sarcopenic Obesity: Exploring the Effects on Peri-Muscular Fat, the Obesity Paradox, Hormone-Related Responses and the Clinical Implications

Alalwan

2020

Geriatrics

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Sarcopenic obesity combines the words sarcopenia and obesity. This definition of obesity should be better differentiated between visceral and subcutaneous fat phenotypes. For this reason, this review lays the foundation for defining the subcutaneous and the visceral fat into the context of sarcopenia. Thus, the review aims to explore the missing links on pathogenesis of visceral fat and its relationship on age: defining the peri-muscular fat as a new entity and the subcutaneous fat as a first factor that leads to the obesity paradox. Last but not least, this review underlines and motivates the mechanisms of the hormonal responses and anti-inflammatory adipokines responsible for the clinical implications of sarcopenic visceral obesity, describing factor by factor the multiple axis between the visceral fat-sarcopenia and all mortality outcomes linked to cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cirrhosis, polycystic ovary, disability and postoperative complications.

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“…sarcopenic obesity [26], has been strongly associated with general sleep disorders and, in particular, with short sleep duration [27]. Similar to sleep impairments, epidemiological studies have emphasised that the imbalance between high BMI and muscle impairment is also independently linked to accelerated functional decline and high risk of chronic conditions and mortality [26,28]. Thus, sarcopenic obesity may not only be a potential risk factor of sleep disorders but also a syndrome that exacerbates the adverse consequences of these conditions [29].…”

Section: Short Sleep Duration (Commonly < 7 H Per Night) [5]-includedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition impact on sleep in young adults: The mediating role of sedentariness, physical activity, and diet

Carneiro‐Barrera

Amaro‐Gahete

Acosta

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundObesity and short sleep duration have both been related to endocrine and metabolic alterations, type II diabetes mellitus, life-threating cardiovascular diseases, and impaired daytime functioning and mood. However, the bidirectional relationship between these conditions and underlying mechanisms still remain unclear, especially in young adults. ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study therefore was aimed at elucidating the potential association of anthropometric and body composition parameters with objective and subjective sleep duration and quality in young sedentary adults, considering the potential mediating role of objectively-measured sedentariness, physical activity, and diet. MethodsA total of 187 adults aged 18-25 (35.29% men) were included in the study. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio were calculated through weight, height, waist and hip circumferences measures.Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner was used to assess body composition parameters such as lean mass index, fat mass index and visceral adipose tissue mass. Sedentary time, physical activity, and sleep duration and quality were objectively measured using accelerometry, sleep quality also being subjectively measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Dietary intake was assessed by means of 24h recall questionnaires. ResultsBMI, waist-hip ratio and lean mass index were inversely associated to objectively-measured total sleep time and sleep efficiency (p < 0.05). Sedentary time moderated by sex explained the effects of BMI on total sleep time such that a high BMI was related to higher sedentariness in men which, in turn, was significantly associated with shorter sleep duration. DiscussionSedentary time is a link-risk factor mediating the adverse consequences of high BMI on short sleep duration in healthy young men. However, not until the complex association between body 3 composition and sleep in young population is properly understood will it be possible to establish appropriate therapeutic goals addressing the early morbidity and mortality that obesity and short sleep duration certainly determine.

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Sarcopenia and obesity

Cited by 107 publications

References 33 publications

Sarcopenic obesity in ageing: cardiovascular outcomes and mortality

Sarcopenic obesity in ageing: cardiovascular outcomes and mortality

Phenotypes of Sarcopenic Obesity: Exploring the Effects on Peri-Muscular Fat, the Obesity Paradox, Hormone-Related Responses and the Clinical Implications

Body composition impact on sleep in young adults: The mediating role of sedentariness, physical activity, and diet

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