Sarcolambans are phospholamban- and sarcolipin-like regulators of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump SERCA

Abstract

From insects to humans, calcium signaling is essential for life. An important part of this process is the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump SERCA, which maintains low cytosolic calcium required for intracellular calcium homeostasis. In higher organisms, this is a tightly controlled system where SERCA interacts with tissue-specific regulatory subunits such as phospholamban in cardiac muscle and sarcolipin in skeletal muscle. With the discovery of the sarcolambans, the family of calcium pump regulatory subunits also appears to be ancient, spanning more than 550 million years of evolutionary divergence from insects to humans. This divergence is reflected in the peptide sequences, which vary enormously from one another and range from vaguely phospholamban-like to sarcolipin-like. Our goal was to investigate sarcolamban peptides for their ability to regulate calcium pump activity. For a side-by-side comparison of diverse sarcolamban peptides, we tested them against mammalian skeletal muscle SERCA1a. This allowed us to determine if the sarcolamban peptides mimic phospholamban and sarcolipin in their regulatory activities. Four sarcolamban peptides were chosen from different invertebrate species. Of these, we were able to purify sarcolamban peptides from bumble bee, water flea, and tadpole shrimp. Sarcolamban peptides were co-reconstituted into proteoliposomes with SERCA1a and the effect of each peptide on the calcium affinity and maximal activity of SERCA was measured. While all peptides were super-inhibitors of SERCA, they exhibited either phospholamban-like or sarcolipin-like characteristics. Molecular modeling, protein-protein docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were used to reveal novel features of insect versus mammalian calcium pumps and the sarcolamban regulatory subunits.