Saponins of Ginseng and Related Plants

Tanaka, Osamu; Kasai, Ryoji

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-8759-3_1

Cited by 41 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…Chemically, the constituents of ginseng root can be divided into saponin-and non-saponin-containing fractions, and the former can be further classified into three groups (for a review, see Tanaka and Kasai 1984): protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, and oleanane saponins (ginsenoside Rb 1 , Rg 1 , and Ro, respectively). In contrast to the saponin fractions, there is little information regarding specific psychoactive components of the non-saponin fractions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of antidepressant-like ingredients in ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) using a menopausal depressive-like state in female mice: participation of 5-HT2A receptors

2011

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of antidepressant-like ingredients in ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) using a menopausal depressive-like state in female mice: participation of 5-HT2A receptors

2011

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“…Following these works, my coworkers and I began to investigate of the chemistry of saponins and sapogenins of white ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer cultivated in Maruko, Nagano Prefecture, Japan) in the early 1960s (1,2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry and Cancer Preventing Activities of Ginseng Saponins and Some Related Triterpenoid Compounds

2001

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More than 25 dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins have been isolated from ginseng, the root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae). The genuine sapogenins of those saponins, 20(S)-protopanaxa-diol and -triol, were identified as 20(S) 12 -hydroxy-and 20(S) 6 ,12 -dihydroxy-dammarenediol-II, respectively. There are two types of preparations from ginseng: white ginseng prepared by drying after peelling off and red ginseng prepared by steaming and drying. Some partly deglycosylated saponins such as ginsenoside Rh-1, Rh-2, and Rg-3 are obtained from red ginseng as artifacts produced during steaming. Several workers studied the metabolic transformation by human intestinal bacteria after oral administration of ginsenoside Rb-1 and Rb-2 and found that the stepwise deglycosylation yielded compound K and finally 20(S)-protopanaxadiol. Ginsenoside Rg-1 was converted into 20(S)-protopanaxatriol via ginsenoside Rh-1. Yun et al. in Korea conducted the epidemiological case-control studies of ginseng and suggested its cancer preventing activities. Kitagawa et al. demonstrated in vitro that ginsenosides, especially 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg-3, specifically inhibited cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Azuma et al. found that ginsenoside Rb-2 inhibited tumor angiogenesis, and Kikuchi et al. reported that ginsenoside Rh-2 inhibited the human ovarian cancer growth in nude mice. Recently, ginsenoside Rg-3 was produced as an anti-angiogenic anti-cancer drug in China. The aforementioned reports suggest that less glycosylated protopanaxadiol derivatives are effective in cancer prevention. Apart from Ginseng tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins, some oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds showed the anti-carcinogenic activity in the two-stage anti-cancer-promotion experiments in vitro and in vivo.

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“…Rb group includes the ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd, while Rg group includes the Re, Rf, and Rg1 ones as the main compounds. Among all these ginsenosides, Rb1 and Rg1 are the most effective compounds (Tanaka and Kasai 1984 ;Mallol et al 2001 ). Ginsenosides accumulate in the root of the plant, but the agricultural production of roots is expensive.…”

Section: Ginsenoside Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Secondary Metabolite Production in Tissue Cultures

Kumar

2015

Plant Biology and Biotechnology

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Plant cell and tissue culture has been suggested as an alternative means for year-round production of secondary metabolites with an added potential of increasing yields by culture selection and manipulation, genetic transformation, hairy root cultures, and use of bioreactors for mass production. Secondary metabolite pathways and genes involved in those pathways have been identifi ed, and regulation of transcription and transcription factors has been determined by studying functional genomics in conjunction with data-mining tools of bioinformatics. Besides this, advances in metabolic engineering enable researchers to confer new secondary metabolic pathways to crops by transferring three to fi ve, or more, heterologous genes taken from various other species. As an alternative, the metabolic pathways of useful secondary metabolites have been modifi ed to improve their productivity via genetic transformation. However, there is a need to understand metabolic pathways of secondary metabolism at the molecular level. Plant hairy roots offer a novel and sustainable tissue-based system that preserves multiple specialized cell types believed to be important in maintaining a better consistency in synthesis of bioactive secondary molecules. This paper will review stateof-the-art reports on improving production of secondary metabolites in tissue cultures in various plant species.

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Saponins of Ginseng and Related Plants

Cited by 41 publications

References 156 publications

Identification of antidepressant-like ingredients in ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) using a menopausal depressive-like state in female mice: participation of 5-HT2A receptors

Identification of antidepressant-like ingredients in ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) using a menopausal depressive-like state in female mice: participation of 5-HT2A receptors

Chemistry and Cancer Preventing Activities of Ginseng Saponins and Some Related Triterpenoid Compounds

Improving Secondary Metabolite Production in Tissue Cultures

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