Saponins from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. Part 2. Isolation and structure of new triterpene glycosides

Ishii, Hiroshi; Tori, Kazuo; Tozyo, Takehiko; Yoshimura, Y.

doi:10.1039/p19840000661

Cited by 81 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…These compounds were identified as platycodin A, C, D and deapioplatycodin D (Figure 1) by comparing physicochemical and spectroscopic data with literature values [6,7]. Figure 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective Activity of Triterpenoid Saponins from Platycodi radix Against Glutamate-induced Toxicity in Primary Cultured Rat Cortical Cells

et al. 2007

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During our investigation of the neuroprotective activity of Platycodi radix we found that an aqueous extract of this folk medicine exhibited significant protection against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells. In order to clarify the neuroprotective mechanism(s) of this observed effect, activity-guided isolation was performed to seek and identify active fractions and components. By such fractionation, four known triterpene saponin compounds -platycodins A, C and D and deapioplatycodin D -were isolated from the n-butanol fraction. Among these four compounds, platycodin A exhibited significant neuroprotective activities against glutamate-induced toxicity, exhibiting cell viability of about 50 %, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 µM to 10 µM. Therefore, the neuroprotective effect of Platycodi radix might be due to the inhibition of glutamate-induced toxicity by the saponin compounds it contains.

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“…These compounds were identified as platycodin A, C, D and deapioplatycodin D (Figure 1) by comparing physicochemical and spectroscopic data with literature values [6,7]. Figure 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective Activity of Triterpenoid Saponins from Platycodi radix Against Glutamate-induced Toxicity in Primary Cultured Rat Cortical Cells

et al. 2007

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“…19) Saponins (PS) are the primary constituents of Platycodi Radix, [20][21][22] and they are responsible for diverse effects including anti-inflammation, [23][24][25][26] anti-allergy, 23) anti-tumor, 27) augmentation of immune response, [28][29][30] and stimulating the apoptosis in skin cells. 27) In the last decade, PS has generated renewed interests due to their pharmacological potentials for healing the diseases of adulthood such as hyperlipidemia or anti-obesity.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Prosapogenin Methyl Ester of Platycodin D via Nuclear Factor-kappaB Pathway Inhibition

Chung

Noh

Zhao

et al. 2008

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Immune responses to infection or to localized injury or trauma are among the main causes of local or systemic inflammation. Despite the beneficial effect of inflammation in limiting responses to cellular and organ damage, a breakdown in the regulation of the inflammatory response may result in a wide range of chronic diseases such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, asthma and others. 1)Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, sulindac and indomethacin, are widely believed to have anti-inflammatory effects due to their ability to inhibit prostanoid production, and relieve inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX).COX are the rate-limiting enzymes that catalyze the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid.2-5) Levels of prostaglandins increase early in the course of the inflammatory process. The constitutive isoform, COX-1, is expressed in most tissues predominantly in platelets, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and liver.2-4) The inducible isoform, COX-2, is activated in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors.3,4) Because COX-2 protein is induced by several kinds of stimuli in inflammatory cells, inhibitors of COX-2 protein induction might be candidates for the new-type NSAIDs. Also, inflammation is associated with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Especially, nitric oxide (NO) produced by activated macrophages via iNOS was initially considered a component of innate immunity in the fight against infections. 6) It has been well accepted that nuclear-factor-kB (NF-kB) signaling pathway plays important roles in the inflammation, control of cell growth, apoptosis, stress response, and many other physiological processes. [7][8][9][10][11] There are several important molecules such as NF-kB, inhibitor kB (IkB), IKK, within NF-kB signaling pathway.12) NF-kB is a key protein in the pathway, and has been described as a major culprit and a therapeutic target in inflammation and cancer. [13][14][15][16] It is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a mammalian transcription factor that controls various genes that are important for immunity and inflammation.17) NF-kB is mainly composed of p50 and p65. 17) In unstimulated cells, NF-kB is present in the cytoplasm through interactions with an inhibitory protein, IkB. NF-kB is activated by IkBa degradation following phosphorylation of IkBa. 18)Platycodi Radix is the root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DE (Campanulaceae).19) It is edible and the principal herb in Oriental medicine for diseases of the lungs and throat, and is commonly used for the inflammatory conditions of the eyes, ears, and sinuses.19) Saponins (PS) are the primary constituents of Platycodi Radix, [20][21][22] and they are responsible for diverse effects including anti-inflammation, [23][24][25][26] anti-allergy, 23) anti-tumor, 27) augmentation of immune response, [28][29][30] and stimulating the apoptosis in skin cells. 27) In the last decade, PS has generated renewed interests due to their pharmacological potentials for healing the...

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“…9) Platycodin radix is the root of PG and contains bioactive components such as platycodin saponins. 10,11) These components have attracted renewed interest due to their novel pharmacological potentials for treating metabolic diseases related to obesity. 9,12) Previous studies have shown anti-obesity and antihypolipidemic effects of platycodin saponins in animal models due to the inhibition of intestinal fat absorption via pancreatic lipase activity suppression.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventative Effects of Platycodon grandiflorum Treatment on Hepatic Steatosis in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6 Mice

Noh

Kim

Gang

et al. 2010

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis (NASH) is closely associated with obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance.1) Generally, NASH results from the accumulation of fat in the liver, primarily through excessive transport of free fatty acids from visceral adipose tissue into the liver, and from an imbalance of de novo lipid synthesis and catabolism in hepatocytes.2) Lipid-lowering drugs have been used to inhibit hepatic steatosis; however, these drugs can cause serious side effects including vomiting, headache, stomachache, and heart attack.3) Some oriental medicinal herb extracts have been reported to be useful for the control of obesity, hyperlipidemia, and glucose concentrations, with less significant side effects. 4,5) Recently, various saponin-containing natural products have emerged as potential lead compounds, drug alternatives, and/or nutritional supplements. 6,7)Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) (Korean name, Doraji; Chinese name, Jiegeng; and Japanese name, Kikyo) is a perennial plant in the Campanulaceae family that contains triterpenoid saponins, carbohydrates, and fibers.8) This plant grows wild in East Asian countries and is widely used in traditional herbal medicine as an expectorant for pulmonary disease and a remedy for respiratory disorders.9) Platycodin radix is the root of PG and contains bioactive components such as platycodin saponins. 10,11) These components have attracted renewed interest due to their novel pharmacological potentials for treating metabolic diseases related to obesity. 9,12) Previous studies have shown anti-obesity and antihypolipidemic effects of platycodin saponins in animal models due to the inhibition of intestinal fat absorption via pancreatic lipase activity suppression.13) Moreover, PG saponins have been reported to show preventative effects on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-and acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by blocking cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated CCl 4 bioactivation and increasing free radical scavenging activity. In relation to high fat diet (HFD)-induced fatty liver, aqueous extract feeding of PG was found to significantly reduce hepatic lipid concentrations 9) ; however, the underlying mechanism of the anti-fatty liver effects of PG are not well elucidated. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the effects of PG and its saponins on fatty liver and the underlying mechanism leading to fatty liver in HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extraction and Saponin Fraction PreparationThe root of PG (21 years old) was supplied by Jangsaeng Doraji Co., Ltd., Jinju, South Korea. Dried and powered PG roots (100 g) were refluxed with ethanol. The obtained filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a brown residue (42.2 g; total fraction). The extracts (1.0 g) were fractionated by SPE cartridge CEREX ® C18 HEAVY LOAD (350 mg; particle size 10 mm). The cartridges were conditioned with 20 ml of methanol followed by 20 ml water. The total fraction (1 g/5 ml in water) was passed through the cartridges, which were then rinsed using...

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Saponins from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. Part 2. Isolation and structure of new triterpene glycosides

Cited by 81 publications

References 8 publications

Neuroprotective Activity of Triterpenoid Saponins from Platycodi radix Against Glutamate-induced Toxicity in Primary Cultured Rat Cortical Cells

Neuroprotective Activity of Triterpenoid Saponins from Platycodi radix Against Glutamate-induced Toxicity in Primary Cultured Rat Cortical Cells

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Prosapogenin Methyl Ester of Platycodin D via Nuclear Factor-kappaB Pathway Inhibition

Preventative Effects of Platycodon grandiflorum Treatment on Hepatic Steatosis in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6 Mice

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