Saponins from Ilex dumosa, an Erva-maté (Ilex paraguariensis) Adulterating Plant

Abstract

Extraction of Ilex dumosa leaves, a material frequently used for the adulteration of erva-maté, resulted in the isolation of 3-O-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl-28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-O-β-d-6-O-methylglucuronopyranosyl-28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, and three new saponins: 3-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1−2)-β-d-galactopyranosyl]-28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3β,29-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-O-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1−2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl]-28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid. None of these saponins are present in the leaves of Ilex paraguariensis (genuine erva-maté). Keywords: Ilex paraguariensis; Ilex dumosa; erva-maté; saponins

Sustainable Development in Northern Africa: The Argan Forest Case

“…These molecules are also found in many other botanical families growing in every continent and are known to possess all kind of pharmacological properties [10][11][12][13][14]. Rapidly, the search of new saponins from the argan tree became a Holy Grail chase.…”

Discrimination of yerba mate (Ilex paraguayensis St. Hil.) samples according to their geographical origin by means of near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

“…Mate tea, often known as ''yerba mate'', is one of the most commonly consumed beverages in several South American countries, including Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil [1][2][3][4][5]. It is manufactured from the caffeine rich leaves of Ilex paraguayensis St. Hil.…”

“…(Aquifoliaceae) by a method similar to that used to produce green tea. The material plant I. paraguayensis, is a perennial tree growing in the jungle of the Parana basin [1][2][3][4][5]. This plant material has a very characteristic odor, used in stimulants, bitter tonics, and diaphoretics; and has a characteristic mature flavor which is somewhat sweet, sour, withered leaf like, and cigarette-like [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Six New Triterpenoid Saponins from the Leaves of Ilex oblonga and Their Inhibitory Activities against TMV Replication

“…[1][2][3][4][5] The occurrence of flavonoids, 6) xanthines, 7) aldehydes, 8) hemiterpene glycosides, 9,10) triterpenes and alkanes, 11) anthocyanins, 12) pentyl esters, hexyl esters, and other lipophilic compounds 13) were reported. Several biological activities were related to the compounds isolated from Ilex species, including hypocholesterolemic 14) and antioxidant 15,16) activities.…”

“…19) No previous phytochemical investigation on I. oblonga has been reported. In this paper, we describe the isolation and structure elucidation of ten triterpenoid saponins designated as oblonganoside A (1), oblonganoside B (2), oblonganoside C (6), oblonganoside D (8), oblonganoside E (9), oblonganoside F (10) along with four known triterpenoid saponins: 3b,23-dihydroxyurs-12,19(20)-dien-28-oic acid 28-b-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3), 20) 3b,23-dihydroxyursa-12,18(19)-dien-28-oic acid 28-b-D-glucopyranosyl ester (4), 20) 3-O-b-D-xylopyranosyl-3b-hydroxyurs-12,18(19)-dien-28-oic acid 28-b-D-glucopyranosyl ester (5). 21) 3b,23-Dihydroxyurs-12,19(29)-dien-28-oic acid 28-b-D-glucopyranosyl ester (7) 22) from the leaves of I. oblonga.…”