Sandwich Multi-Material 3D-Printed Polymers: Influence of Aging on the Impact and Flexure Resistances

Pinho, Ana C.; Piedade, Ana P.

doi:10.3390/polym13224030

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The second article discussing issues related to the effect of a physiological environment on 3D-printed polymer components was written by Any C. Pinho et al [ 87 ] and describes the effects of artificial saliva on multi-material prints. The experiment covered the properties of test specimens made of a single material or two materials, where TPU was the core and the outer layer used materials including ABS, HIPS and PMMA.…”

Section: Internal Environment Of a Living Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combination of TPU with other materials affected the bending strength of the test specimens. Among all the material combinations, the best one was ABS-TPU-ABS due to the highest elasticity of the test specimens [ 87 ]. The effect of high moisture and variable temperature was discussed in [ 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ].…”

Section: Internal Environment Of a Living Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resistance of 3D-Printed Components, Test Specimens and Products to Work under Environmental Conditions—Review

et al. 2022

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The development of additive manufacturing methods known as “3D printing” started in the 1980s. In these methods, spatial models are created from a semi-finished product such as a powder, filament or liquid. The model is most often created in layers, which are created from the semi-finished product, which is most often subjected to thermal treatment or using light or ultraviolet rays. The technology of additive manufacturing has both advantages and disadvantages when compared to the traditionally used methods of processing thermoplastic materials, such as, for example, injection or extrusion. The most important advantages are low cost, flexibility and speed of manufacturing of elements with different spatial shapes. From the point of view of the user of the product, the most important disadvantages are the lower mechanical properties and lower resistance to environmental factors that occur during the use of the manufactured products. The purpose of this review is to present current information and a compilation of features in the field of research on the effects of the interactions of different types of environments on the mechanical properties of 3D-manufactured thermoplastic products. Changes in the structure and mechanical properties of the material under the influence of factors such as humidity, salt, temperature, UV rays, gasoline and the environment of the human body are presented. The presented article enables the effects of environmental conditions on common materials used in 3D printing technology to be collated in one place.

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Section: Internal Environment Of a Living Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Internal Environment Of a Living Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance of 3D-Printed Components, Test Specimens and Products to Work under Environmental Conditions—Review

et al. 2022

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“…In hybrid fiber sandwich structures, two or more types of fibers are used in the face sheets to improve the monolithic face sheet properties [25][26][27][28]. The impact and the failure mechanism for the sandwich structure is a very complex mechanism and continues to remain an active topic under discussion by many researchers [29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Enhancement of the impact properties of the foam sandwich panels through stitching, Z-pinning, tufting and also by implementing changes in the density of the foam core has been investigated by researchers [36][37][38][39][40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Velocity Impact Behavior of Foam Core Sandwich Panels with Inter-Ply and Intra-Ply Carbon/Kevlar/Epoxy Hybrid Face Sheets

Samlal

Santhanakrishnan

2022

Polymers

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Sandwich composites are extensively employed in a variety of applications because their bending stiffness affords a greater advantage than composite materials. However, the aspect limiting the application of the sandwich material is its poor impact resistance. Therefore, understanding the impact properties of the sandwich structure will determine the ways in which it can be used under the conditions of impact loading. Sandwich panels with different combinations of carbon/Kevlar woven monolithic face sheets, inter-ply face sheets and intra-ply face sheets were fabricated, using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer process. Instrumented low-velocity impact tests were performed using different energy levels of 5 J, 10 J, 20 J, 30 J and 40 J on a variety of samples and the results were assessed. The damage caused by the modes of failure in the sandwich structure include fiber breakage, matrix cracking, foam cracking and debonding. In sandwich panels with thin face sheets, the maximum peak load was achieved for the inter-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel in which Kevlar was present towards the outer surface and carbon in the inner surface of the face sheet. At an impact energy of 40 J, the maximum peak load for the inter-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel was 31.57% higher than for the sandwich structure in which carbon is towards the outer surface and Kevlar is in the inner surface of the face sheet. The intra-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel subjected to 40 J impact energy demonstrated a 13.17% higher maximum peak load compared to the carbon monolithic face sheet sandwich panel. The experimental measurements and numerical predictions are in close agreement.

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“…Filaments reinforced with short fibers (chopped) or continuous fibers have been developed in order to improve the mechanical strength of parts manufactured through the FFF process [ 5 ]. However, the fabrication by the FFF process with filaments reinforced by composite fibers introduces some problems, such as low adhesion between the layers of material, fiber orientation, poor connection between fiber and a matrix with the formation of voids, deformation of the shape caused by residual stresses that comes from uneven temperature gradients, an uneven distribution of fibers in the fiber-reinforced thermoplastic filament, and surface roughness [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results showed good performance for the diamond core in three-point compression and bending, and the corrugated core showed good performance for the tensile stress. In a recent study, 3D printed sandwich structures, using TPU as the base material and ABS, PMMA, and HIPS for coatings, have been tested for: bending and impact [ 5 ]. The mechanical properties of sandwich structures manufactured by the FFF process have also been improved by the simultaneous use of reinforced filament materials and by optimizing the parameters of the 3D printing process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compression and Bending Properties of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Sandwich Structures Produced via Fused Filament Fabrication Process

et al. 2022

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Additive manufacturing, through the process of thermoplastic extrusion of filament, allows the manufacture of complex composite sandwich structures in a short time with low costs. This paper presents the design and fabrication by Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) of composite sandwich structures with short fibers, having three core types C, Z, and H, followed by mechanical performance testing of the structures for compression and bending in three points. Flatwise compression tests and three-point bending have clearly indicated the superior performance of H-core sandwich structures due to dense core structures. The main modes of failure of composite sandwich structures were analyzed microscopically, highlighting core shear buckling in compression tests and face indentation in three-point bending tests. The strength–mass ratio allowed the identification of the structures with the best performances considering the desire to reduce the mass, so: the H-core sandwich structures showed the best results in compression tests and the C-core sandwich structures in three-point bending tests. The feasibility of the FFF process and the three-point bending test of composite wing sections, which will be used on an unmanned aircraft, have also been demonstrated. The finite element analysis showed the distribution of equivalent stresses and reaction forces for the composite wing sections tested for bending, proving to validate the experimental results.

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Sandwich Multi-Material 3D-Printed Polymers: Influence of Aging on the Impact and Flexure Resistances

Cited by 18 publications

References 50 publications

Resistance of 3D-Printed Components, Test Specimens and Products to Work under Environmental Conditions—Review

Resistance of 3D-Printed Components, Test Specimens and Products to Work under Environmental Conditions—Review

Low-Velocity Impact Behavior of Foam Core Sandwich Panels with Inter-Ply and Intra-Ply Carbon/Kevlar/Epoxy Hybrid Face Sheets

Compression and Bending Properties of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Sandwich Structures Produced via Fused Filament Fabrication Process

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