Sand blows as a potential tool for magnitude estimation of pre-instrumental earthquakes

Castilla, Raymi; Audemard, Franck

doi:10.1007/s10950-007-9065-z

Cited by 66 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, other workers estimated that a magnitude of 2-3 is sufficient for soft sediment deformation (Seed and Idriss, 1971). According to Castilla and Audemard (2007) …”

Section: Sediments In the Neogenementioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentary Facies and Soft-sediment Deformation Structures in the Late Miocene-Pliocene Middle Siwalik Subgroup, Eastern Himalaya, Darjiling District, India

Kundu

Matin

Mukul

et al. 2011

Journal of the Geological Society of India

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The Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt has propagated from its Tibetan hinterland to the southern foreland since ∼55 Ma. The Siwalik sediments (∼20 -2 Ma) were deposited in the frontal Himalayan foreland basin and subsequently became part of the thrust belt since ∼ 12 Ma. Restoration of the deformed section of the Middle Siwalik sequence reveals that the sequence is ∼325 m thick. Sedimentary facies analysis of the Middle Siwalik rocks points to the deposition of the Middle Siwalik sediments in an alluvial fan setup that was affected by uplift and foreland-ward propagation of Greater and Lesser Himalayan thrusts. Soft-sediment deformation structures preserved in the Middle Siwalik sequence in the Darjiling Himalaya are interpreted to have formed by sediment liquefaction resulting from increased pore-water pressure probably due to strong seismic shaking. Soft-sediment structures such as convolute lamination, flame structures, and various kinds of deformed cross-stratification are thus recognized as palaeoseismic in origin. This is the first report of seismites from the Siwalik succession of Darjiling Himalaya which indicates just like other sectors of Siwalik foreland basin and the present-day Gangetic foreland basin that the Siwalik sediments of this sector responded to seismicity.

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“…However, other workers estimated that a magnitude of 2-3 is sufficient for soft sediment deformation (Seed and Idriss, 1971). According to Castilla and Audemard (2007) …”

Section: Sediments In the Neogenementioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentary Facies and Soft-sediment Deformation Structures in the Late Miocene-Pliocene Middle Siwalik Subgroup, Eastern Himalaya, Darjiling District, India

Kundu

Matin

Mukul

et al. 2011

Journal of the Geological Society of India

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“…Fig. 1 presents several such correlations for a variety of geographic and tectonic settings (Kuribayashi and Tatsuoka, 1975;Ambraseys, 1988;Papadopoulos and Lefkopoulos, 1993;Wakamatsu, 1993;Galli, 2000;Aydan et al, 2000;Papathanassiou, 2005;Pirrotta et al, 2007;Castilla and Audemard, 2007), where site-to-source distance is quantified in terms of epicentral distance (Fig. 1a) and the distance to most proximal fault rupture (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in developing his curves, Ambraseys (1988) did not consider (1) deep-focus earthquakes, which produce more distal liquefaction than shallow crustal earthquakes; or (2) anomalous cases that would bias the maximum site-tosource distance of liquefaction, including those where conditions greatly enhanced liquefaction susceptibility, such as irrigated fields or sloping ground. Conversely, Castilla and Audemard (2007) included both deepfocus earthquakes and anomalous cases in developing their correlation from global data. For example, Castilla and Audemard (2007) include data from the 1977 M w 7.5 Bucharest, Romania earthquake, having a focal depth of 91-110 km (Ambraseys, 1988;Berg et al, 1980), as well Kuribayashi & Tatsuoka (1975): Japanese earthquakes Ambraseys (1988): worldwide earthquakes Papadopoulos & Lefkopoulos (1993): worldwide earthquakes Papadopoulos & Lefkopoulos (1993): Greek earthquakes Wakamatsu (1993): Japanese earthquakes Galli (2000): Italian earthquakes Aydan et al (2000): Turkish earthquakes Papathanassiou (2005): Agean regional earthquakes Pirrotta et al (2007): Sicilian regional earthquakes Castilla and Audemard (2007) as data from aftershocks following the 1989 M w 5.9 Bova del Tocuyo, Venezuela and M w 6.9 Loma Prieta, USA earthquakes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of magnitude-bound relations for paleoliquefaction analyses: New Zealand case study

Maurer

Green

Quigley

et al. 2015

Engineering Geology

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a b s t r a c tMagnitude-bound relations are often used to estimate paleoearthquake magnitudes from paleoliquefaction data. This study proposes New Zealand-based magnitude-bound curves that are developed using (a) liquefaction field observations and (b) a newly proposed back-calculation approach that combines the simplified liquefaction evaluation procedure with a regionally appropriate ground motion prediction equation. For (b) both deterministic and probabilistic frameworks are proposed. The magnitude bound curves back-calculated using either the deterministic or probabilistic frameworks are advantageous in that they can be used to predict the spatial distribution of liquefaction in regions where historical liquefaction field observations are limited or poorly documented, and because soil-and site-specific conditions can be incorporated into magnitude-bound analyses. Moreover, curves developed using the probabilistic framework allow for the range of possible causative earthquake magnitudes to be better understood and quantified. To demonstrate the use of the proposed relations, paleoliquefaction features discovered in eastern Christchurch (NZ) are analyzed. The 1869~M w 4.8 Christchurch earthquake and/or 1717~M w 8.1 Alpine Fault earthquake are found to be the most likely candidates amongst known historical and paleoearthquakes for triggering liquefaction over the permissible time range (ca. 1660 to 1905 A.D.). This study demonstrates the potential of the proposed magnitude-bound curves to provide insight in to past, present, and future hazards, proving their utility even in cases of limited evidence. The approach of developing and applying magnitude bound curves proposed herein is not limited to parts of New Zealand, but rather, can be applied worldwide.

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“…7 (cliff meter 140), the entire section is characterized by a complex system of normal faults Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) (2012) 101: 351-363 359 depression in the study area is the ''Achterwasser''-lagoon that borders to the west. Liquefaction occurs when underconsolidated sediment experiences a sudden loss of shearing resistance and an increase in pore-fluid pressure (Lowe 1975), resulting in sedimentary structures that give evidence of upwarddirected hydraulic force (Castilla and Audemard 2007). The postdepositional liquefaction layers as well as pockets observed in the study area show severely deformed primary structures, nearly complete obliteration of primary structures in the intruded sediment, allochthonous sediment bodies, and intense deformation of surrounding strata.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Soft-sediment deformation of Late Pleistocene sediments along the southwestern coast of the Baltic Sea (NE Germany)

Hoffmann

Reicherter

2011

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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A 1,460-m-long profile of a Late Glacial subglacial, glacio-fluvial, glacio-limnic and glacio-deltaic sequence exposed at a cliff section on Usedom Island (SW Baltic Sea coast) is described. The sequence is up to 31 m thick and shows sedimentary structures typical of a glacial setting. Soft-sediment deformation is encountered and is associated with changes in lithology. These deformations include liquefaction, slumping, and faulting. As the most plausible cause, earthquake-induced shaking is discussed. The associated neotectonic activity is seen as a consequence of the postglacial isostatic crustal rebound. As the deglaciation earthquake ratio diminishes with time and as the rebound is phasing out, no large earthquakes are anticipated for northern Germany, although in conclusion the lithosphere of the North German Basin has to be regarded as weakened by repeated ice loading and deloading.

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Sand blows as a potential tool for magnitude estimation of pre-instrumental earthquakes

Cited by 66 publications

References 33 publications

Sedimentary Facies and Soft-sediment Deformation Structures in the Late Miocene-Pliocene Middle Siwalik Subgroup, Eastern Himalaya, Darjiling District, India

Sedimentary Facies and Soft-sediment Deformation Structures in the Late Miocene-Pliocene Middle Siwalik Subgroup, Eastern Himalaya, Darjiling District, India

Development of magnitude-bound relations for paleoliquefaction analyses: New Zealand case study

Soft-sediment deformation of Late Pleistocene sediments along the southwestern coast of the Baltic Sea (NE Germany)

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