Sand bedding as a reservoir for <i>Lactococcus garvieae</i> dissemination in dairy farms

Eraclio, Giovanni; Ricci, Giovanni; Moroni, P.; Santisteban, Carlos; Plumed-Ferrer, Carme; Bennett, James M.; Fortina, María Grazia

doi:10.1139/cjm-2018-0251

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with recent case reports of Lactococcus spp. outbreaks occurring in herds using inorganic bedding (Werner et al, 2014;Rodrigues et al, 2016;Eraclio et al, 2019).…”

Section: Bedding Type Choicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The positive association between SSLO counts and odds of SSLO-IMI is consistent with conventional understanding of these pathogens. Like NAS, molecular methods have implicated bedding material and other environmental sources as possible reservoirs for these pathogens (Eraclio et al, 2019). However, other studies have shown that some SSLO (especially Streptococcus uberis) can exhibit host adaptation and thus establish new IMI from intramammary reservoirs (Davies et al, 2016).…”

Section: Bedding Bacteria Count Was Associated With Intramammary Infementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, additional research is needed to determine risk factors for IMI at dry-off. Molecular epidemiologic studies have identified IMI-causing strains of bacteria in bedding material, suggesting that bedding can act as a reservoir for some pathogens (Verbist et al, 2011;Eraclio et al, 2019), and aerobic culture of bedding to determine bedding bacteria count (BBC) has been used to ap-11385 proximate bedding-associated mastitis risk (Hogan et al, 1989). However, few studies have demonstrated a clear association between BBC and udder health, and none have evaluated the association between BBC and IMI in late-lactation cows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-sectional study of the relationships among bedding materials, bedding bacteria counts, and intramammary infection in late-lactation dairy cows

Rowe

Godden

Royster

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Objectives of this study were to (1) describe the intramammary infection (IMI) prevalence and pathogen profiles in quarters of cows approaching dry-off in US dairy herds, (2) compare IMI prevalence in quarters of cows exposed to different bedding material types, and (3) identify associations between bedding bacteria count and IMI in cows approaching dry-off. Eighty herds using 1 of 4 common bedding materials (manure solids, organic non-manure, new sand, and recycled sand) were recruited in a multi-site cross-sectional study. Each herd was visited twice for sampling. At each visit, aseptic quarter-milk samples were collected from 20 cows approaching dry-off (>180 d pregnant). Samples of unused and used bedding were also collected. Aerobic culture was used to determine the IMI status of 10,448 quarters and to enumerate counts (log 10 cfu/mL) of all bacteria, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Streptococcus-like organisms (SSLO), coliforms, Klebsiella spp., noncoliform gram-negatives, Bacillus spp., and Prototheca spp. in unused (n = 148) and used (n = 150) bedding. The association between bedding bacteria count and IMI was determined using multivariable logistic regression with mixed effects. Quarter-level prevalence of IMI was 21.1%, which was primarily caused by non-aureus Staphylococcus spp. (11.4%) and SSLO (5.6%). Only modest differences in IMI prevalence were observed between the 4 common bedding material types. Counts of all bacteria in unused bedding was positively associated with odds of IMI caused by any pathogen [ALL-IMI; odds ratio (OR) = 1.08]. A positive association was also observed for counts of SSLO in unused bedding and SSLO-IMI (OR = 1.09). These patterns of association were generally consistent across the 4 common bedding materials. In contrast, the association between counts of all bacteria in used bedding and ALL-IMI varied by bedding type, with positive associations observed in quarters exposed to manure solids (OR = 2.29) and organic non-manure (OR = 1.51) and a negative association in quarters exposed to new sand (OR = 0.47). Findings from this study suggest that quarter-level IMI prevalence in latelactation cows is low in US dairy herds. Furthermore, bedding material type may not be an important risk factor for IMI in late lactation. Higher levels of bacteria in bedding may increase IMI prevalence at dry-off in general, but this relationship is likely to vary according to bedding material type.

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Section: Bedding Type Choicementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bedding Bacteria Count Was Associated With Intramammary Infementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-sectional study of the relationships among bedding materials, bedding bacteria counts, and intramammary infection in late-lactation dairy cows

Rowe

Godden

Royster

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Bedding can be an important factor in teat skin contamination or colonization and IMI-associated strains of some bacterial species have been identified in bedding material (Eraclio et al, 2019). Bedding bacterial counts are positively associated with odds of an IMI (Rowe et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species from compost-bedded pack or sand-bedded freestall dairy farms

Adkins

Placheta

Borchers

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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The purpose of this prospective observational study was to determine whether dairy cattle housing types were associated with staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal populations found on teat skin, bedding, and in bulk tank milk. Twenty herds (n = 10 sand-bedded freestall herds; n = 10 compost-bedded pack herds) were enrolled. Each herd was visited twice for sample collection, and at each visit, 5 niches were sampled, including bulk tank milk, composite teat skin swab samples collected before premilking teat preparation, composite teat skin swab samples collected after premilking teat preparation, unused fresh bedding, and used bedding. All samples were plated on Mannitol salt agar and Columbia blood agar and staphylococcal-like colonies were selected for further evaluation. Bacterial colonies were speciated using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. All species were grouped into 4 categories included host-adapted, opportunistic, environmental, and unclassified. Absolute numbers and proportions of each genus and species were calculated. Proportional data were compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. Data representing 471 staphylococcal-like organisms were analyzed. Overall, 27 different staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species were identified. Staphylococcus chromogenes was the only species identified from all 20 farms. A total of 20 different staphylococcal-like species were identified from bulk tank milk samples with the most prevalent species being S. chromogenes, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Mammaliicoccus sciuri. Overall, more staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal isolates were identified among used bedding than unused bedding. The increased numbers of isolates within used bedding were primarily from used sand bedding samples, with 79% (76/96) of used bedding isolates being identi-fied from sand bedding and only 20.8% (20/96) from used compost-bedded pack samples. When comparing categories found among sample types, more unclassified species were found in used sand bedding than in used compost-bedded pack samples. This finding is possibly related to the composting temperatures resulting in reduced growth or destruction of bacterial species. The prevalence of S. aureus was high in bulk tank milk for all herds, regardless of herd type, which may represent the influence of unmeasured management factors. Overall, staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species were highly prevalent among samples from both farm types.

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“…Numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between bedding bacterial counts (BBC) and the counts of bacteria on the teat apex of cows using that bedding, suggesting that bedding may be a substantial source of bacteria colonizing the teat epithelium [ 8 , 20 – 23 ]. Molecular epidemiologic studies have identified IMI-causing strains of bacteria in bedding material, suggesting that bedding can act as a reservoir for some pathogens [ 24 , 25 ]. Aerobic culture of bedding to determine BBC has been used to estimate bedding-associated mastitis risk [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: B Ackgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

The microbiome of common bedding materials before and after use on commercial dairy farms

et al. 2022

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Background Bovine mastitis is one of the most economically important diseases affecting dairy cows. The choice of bedding material has been identified as an important risk factor contributing to the development of mastitis. However, few reports examine both the culturable and nonculturable microbial composition of commonly used bedding materials, i.e., the microbiome. Given the prevalence of nonculturable microbes in most environments, this information could be an important step to understanding whether and how the bedding microbiome acts as a risk factor for mastitis. Therefore, our objective was to characterize the microbiome composition and diversity of bedding material microbiomes, before and after use. Methods We collected 88 bedding samples from 44 dairy farms in the U.S. Unused (from storage pile) and used (out of stalls) bedding materials were collected from four bedding types: new sand (NSA), recycled manure solids (RMS), organic non-manure (ON) and recycled sand (RSA). Samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3–V4 region. Results The overall composition as well as the counts of several microbial taxa differed between bedding types, with Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating across all types. Used bedding contained a significantly different microbial composition than unused bedding, but the magnitude of this difference varied by bedding type, with RMS bedding exhibiting the smallest difference. In addition, positive correlations were observed between 16S rRNA sequence counts of potential mastitis pathogens (bacterial genera) and corresponding bedding bacterial culture data. Conclusion Our results strengthen the role of bedding as a potential source of mastitis pathogens. The consistent shift in the microbiome of all bedding types that occurred during use by dairy cows deserves further investigation to understand whether this shift promotes pathogen colonization and/or persistence, or whether it can differentially impact udder health outcomes. Future studies of bedding and udder health may be strengthened by including a microbiome component to the study design.

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Sand bedding as a reservoir for Lactococcus garvieae dissemination in dairy farms

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Cross-sectional study of the relationships among bedding materials, bedding bacteria counts, and intramammary infection in late-lactation dairy cows

Cross-sectional study of the relationships among bedding materials, bedding bacteria counts, and intramammary infection in late-lactation dairy cows

Distribution of staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species from compost-bedded pack or sand-bedded freestall dairy farms

The microbiome of common bedding materials before and after use on commercial dairy farms

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