Sampling Strategies for Characterization of the Reactive Components of Heavy Duty Diesel Exhaust Emissions

Gautam, Mridul; Kelly, Brian; Gupta, Deepak; Clark, Nigel N.; Atkinson, Richard J.; El-Gazzar, Laila; Lyons, Donald W.

doi:10.4271/942262

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The most important properties of the adsorbent material are heat resistance, particle size and size distribution, pore size and size distribution, surface area and chemical properties. Granularbed filters, consisting of polymeric adsorbent resins made of spherical granulates like XAD-2 (Bagley et al, 1993;Opris et al, 1993;Pataky el al., 1994;Gautam et al, 1994;Gupta, 1996), XAD-4 (Hsieh et al, 1993), Tenax (Bailey et al, 1992;Hammerle et al, 1995;Nine et al, 1995 ), and polyurethane foam (Benner et al,1989;Bagley et al, 1993;Lowenthal et al, 1994) are usually employed for collection of semi-volatile hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust. Solvent extraction and thermal desorption are the commonly used techniques for extraction of sample from adsorption resins.…”

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tedlar sample bags appeared to be the most popular media for collection of volatile phase hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust ( Black and High, 1979;Bailey et al, 1992;Newkirk et al, 1995;Gautam et al, 1994;Gupta, 1996).…”

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors suggested that aldehydes must be sampled in conjunction with speciated hydrocarbons to give accurate OFP values. Gautam et al (1994) concluded that aldehydes, ketones , esters, and olefins, because of their high MIR value, and diesel exhaust components with high concentrations in diesel exhaust should be of the major concern regarding ozone forming potential. Hammerle et al (1995) observed that the range of carbon numbers for diesel fuel was typically C 9 to C 26 , with most mass lying between C 12 and C 18.…”

Section: Hydrocarbon Compounds As Constituents Of Diesel Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Bugarski¹

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A continued increase in the use of diesel engines in light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles, and the uncertainties about the effects of their emissions on human health have focused attention on risk assessments of diesel engine exhaust. The characterization of diesel particulate matter (PM) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines and vehicles is the primary objective toward assessing potential health hazard with exposure to the diesel exhaust. The nature of particulate matter emissions from diesel engines is dependent on the engine type, engine conditions, fuel type, exhaust after-treatment process and other parameters. The results are also strongly dependent on the applied measurement technique. The effects of those parameters on the size-resolved DPM emissions were explored in detail. The study on sizeresolved chemical analysis of DPM from diesel engines and in-use heavy-duty diesel vehicles was performed with the goal of obtaining profiles of major DPM constituents. In addition, diesel exhaust was speciated with the purpose of establishing qualitative and quantitative hydrocarbon profiles of diesel exhaust from heavyduty diesel engine/vehicles, and calculating its ozone forming potential. The effects of engine/vehicle operating conditions, fuel type, different after-treatment processes, and measurement process on the size-resolved PM emissions were examined by operating the test engines and vehicles under steady-state and transient conditions. The regional deposition of DPM in the human respiratory tract was assessed, for several cases, by applying a semi-empirical model developed by Köbritch et al. (1994) to the PM size distribution and concentration profiles that were generated in this study. The results of this analysis showed that lower PM mass emissions do not necessarily correspond to lower number count emissions and a reduced health hazard. In fact, the fractional deposition efficiency of DPM, on a count basis was higher in the case of using "cleaner" fuels than Federal diesel no. 2. The chemical analyses yielded distribution profiles of the major DPM constituents that were detected in the exhaust for selected steady-state and transient conditions. The sulfate, chloride, ammonium, potassium, sulfur and silicon distribution profiles were determined for range of engine operating conditions. Carbon analysis showed that organic carbon was the major constituent of the particulate matter collected on the MOUDI after-filters (cut-off diameter less that 56 nm) regardless of the engine operating conditions. Elemental carbon was the dominant constituent of the DPM collected on the stages VII through X, accounting for nearly 86.5 % of total carbon detected. The analyses indicate that sulfate and organic carbon were the major constituents of nanoparticles. The samples for study on hydrocarbon speciation were collected using custom designed sampling system. The system was used to collect particle bound HC on a pre-washed 70 mm Teflon coated glass fiber filters, semi-volatile HC on a PUF/XAD-...

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Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sampling Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hydrocarbon Compounds As Constituents Of Diesel Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Bugarski¹

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“…The semi-volatile hydrocarbons contributed between 5 and 15% to the overall ozone forming potential. Gautam et al, (1994) concluded that aldehydes, ketones, esters, olefins and other hydrocarbon components of high concentration in diesel exhaust should be of the major concern regarding ozone forming potential. Hammerle et al, (1995) observed that the range of carbon numbers for diesel fuel was typically C 9 to C 26 , with most mass lying between C 12 and C 18 .…”

Section: Particulate Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six hundred cycles using DCM was chosen after considering both the need for extracted SOF for bioassay testing and for source analysis. The bulk of published soxhlet extraction methods for both bioassay and source analysis of diesel particulate matter employs 24 hour extraction which corresponds to approximately 200 cycles (Cartllieri and Herzog, 1988;Johansen et al, 1997;Bagley et al, 1996;Gautam, et al, 1994;Ensell et al, 1998 andMontreuil et al, 1992). However, recent studies (de Lucas et al, 1999) indicate that longer extraction periods result in significantly greater extraction of hydrocarbon compounds including PAHs.…”

Section: Sampling and Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion analysis and particulate mutagenicity characterization for a single-cylinder diesel engine fueled by Fischer -Tropsch derived liquids

McMillian¹

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Further growth of diesel engines in the light-duty and heavy-duty vehicular markets is closely linked to the potential health risks of diesel exhaust. Cleaner burning fuels, such as those derived from natural gas via the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, offer a potentially economically viable alternative to standard diesel fuel. As part of this study, a two-liter, single-cylinder, four-stroke direct-injected engine was instrumented for in-cylinder pressure measurements. The emissions and performance data from engine operation with Federal low sulfur No. 2 diesel fuel (DF) and natural gas derived FT fuel were compared. Also as part of the study, an investigation was carried out on the mutagenic characteristics of particulate matter (PM) derived from FT and DF fuel combustion by relating the in-vitro mutagenic activity of the particulate matter to engine operating conditions and particle size via the Ames Salmonella typhimurium bioassay (Maron and Ames, 1983). Particulate matter from two engine conditions were gathered using a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor (MOUDI) for size selective mutagenic analysis. Results of the mutagenicity study indicate differences in the mutagenic response of the PM soluble organic fraction (SOF) of both Federal diesel No. 2 and FT fuel as functions of engine operating conditions, fuel type and particle size. The extracted solubles from particles of aerodynamic diameters greater than 100 nm were found to exhibit significantly greater mutagenic effect than their smaller counterparts (<100 nm) for both fuels. Results of the combustion and emission study revealed a general trend for lower emissions for FT fuel compared to DF fuel. NO x emissions correlated well with ignition delay and the amount of heat released in the premixed combustion phase. With the exception of two high load engine conditions, lower CO and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions were the general trend for FT fuel.

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Speciation of the semivolatile hydrocarbon engine emissions from sunflower biodiesel

Ballesteros

Hernández

Lyons

et al. 2008

Fuel

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Sampling Strategies for Characterization of the Reactive Components of Heavy Duty Diesel Exhaust Emissions

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Combustion analysis and particulate mutagenicity characterization for a single-cylinder diesel engine fueled by Fischer -Tropsch derived liquids

Speciation of the semivolatile hydrocarbon engine emissions from sunflower biodiesel

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