Sampling Scheme Conception for Pretreated Polyolefin Waste Based on a Review of the Available Standard Procedures

Akhras, Mohamad Hassan; Fischer, Joerg

doi:10.3390/polym14173450

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…This leads to the problem that the gathered PP packaging waste stream, even if other polymers are sorted out, consists of a myriad of different PP products with their properties ranging from stiff and brittle to soft and tough. The resulting commercially available PP recyclates (rPP) from packaging waste streams usually have melt mass-flow rates (MFR) which are typical for processing via injection molding [ 7 ]. Due to the high variability of the feedstock, only intermediate mechanical properties are achieved, hence these recyclates are usually not favorable to be used in any specific use case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypropylene Post-Consumer Recyclate Compounds for Thermoforming Packaging Applications

et al. 2023

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Polypropylene (PP) plastic packaging waste consists of a variety of different plastic packaging products with a great span in rheological and mechanical behavior. Therefore, the resulting post-consumer recyclates usually show melt mass-flow rates (MFR) in the region of injection molding grades and intermediate mechanical properties. High-quality packaging applications demand a distinct property profile that is met by tailor-made PP grades and cannot be met by recyclates with intermediate performance. One such application with high market volume is high-stiffness thermoforming trays. The aim of this research was to blend intermediate-performance recyclates with a virgin PP grade to obtain compounds that fulfill the rheological and mechanical demands of this application. Three commercially available PP post-consumer recyclates were acquired and compounded with different blending ratios with a high stiffness, low MFR virgin PP grade. As the pure recyclates show different rheological properties, the blending ratios had to be adapted for each of them to fit into the MFR range of 2–4 g/10 min which is desirable for thermoforming applications. The resulting PP recyclate compounds show a distinct correlation of recyclate content with rheological and mechanical performance. However, the resulting property profile was directly dependent on the performance of the originally used recyclate. The best-performing recyclate could be used in a blending ratio of 65 m% recyclate content while adhering to both property limits, the MFR of 2–4 g/10 min and the lower bound tensile stiffness of 1500 MPa.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypropylene Post-Consumer Recyclate Compounds for Thermoforming Packaging Applications

et al. 2023

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“…Material characteristics are highly affected by intrinsic and non-intrinsic factors including its state, location, degree of homogeneity, size, etc. [ 27 , 28 ]. Hence, a reliable sample preparation procedure is a prerequisite to produce a representative and homogeneous sample that can be easily analyzed and can adequately reflect the composition of the original material fraction.…”

Section: Materials and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

From Bottle Caps to Frisbee—A Case Study on Mechanical Recycling of Plastic Waste towards a Circular Economy

et al. 2023

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This study demonstrates an open-loop recycling process of a specific post-consumer plastic waste stream. The targeted input waste material was defined as high-density polyethylene beverage bottle caps. Two methods of waste collection, informal and formal, were employed. Thereafter, materials were hand-sorted, shredded, regranulated, and then injection-molded into a flying disc (i.e., frisbee) as a pilot product. To observe the potential changes in the material throughout the entire recycling process, eight different test methods including melt mass-flow rate (MFR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical tests were carried out on the various material states. The study showed that the informal collection led to a relatively higher purity in the input stream, which also appeared to have a 23% lower MFR value compared to that of the formally collected materials. The DSC measurements revealed a cross-contamination by polypropylene, which clearly affected the properties of all investigated materials. The cross-contamination led to a slightly higher tensile modulus in the recyclate, while the Charpy notched impact strength declined after processing by approximately 15% and 8% compared to those of the informal and formal input materials, respectively. All materials and the processing data were documented and stored online as a practical implementation of a digital product passport as a potential digital traceability tool. Furthermore, the suitability of the resulting recyclate to be used in transport packaging applications was also investigated. It was found that a direct replacement of virgin materials for this specific application is not possible without proper material modification.

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“…Ongoing R&D has brought about significant improvements in the chemical recycling processes . ISO 15270:2008 directs the progress of standards and guidelines for the recycling and recovery of plastic waste . The standard specifies the various options for recovering plastic waste from pre- and postconsumer sources.…”

Section: Sustainability Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Sustainable Wearable Electronic Textiles

et al. 2022

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Smart wearable electronic textiles (e-textiles) that can detect and differentiate multiple stimuli, while also collecting and storing the diverse array of data signals using highly innovative, multifunctional, and intelligent garments, are of great value for personalized healthcare applications. However, material performance and sustainability, complicated and difficult e-textile fabrication methods, and their limited end-of-life processability are major challenges to wide adoption of e-textiles. In this review, we explore the potential for sustainable materials, manufacturing techniques, and their endof-the-life processes for developing eco-friendly e-textiles. In addition, we survey the current state-of-the-art for sustainable fibers and electronic materials (i.e., conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics) to serve as different components in wearable e-textiles and then provide an overview of environmentally friendly digital manufacturing techniques for such textiles which involve less or no water utilization, combined with a reduction in both material waste and energy consumption. Furthermore, standardized parameters for evaluating the sustainability of e-textiles are established, such as life cycle analysis, biodegradability, and recyclability. Finally, we discuss the current development trends, as well as the future research directions for wearable e-textiles which include an integrated product design approach based on the use of eco-friendly materials, the development of sustainable manufacturing processes, and an effective end-of-the-life strategy to manufacture next generation smart and sustainable wearable e-textiles that can be either recycled to value-added products or decomposed in the landfill without any negative environmental impacts.

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Sampling Scheme Conception for Pretreated Polyolefin Waste Based on a Review of the Available Standard Procedures

Cited by 9 publications

References 49 publications

Polypropylene Post-Consumer Recyclate Compounds for Thermoforming Packaging Applications

Polypropylene Post-Consumer Recyclate Compounds for Thermoforming Packaging Applications

From Bottle Caps to Frisbee—A Case Study on Mechanical Recycling of Plastic Waste towards a Circular Economy

Toward Sustainable Wearable Electronic Textiles

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