Sampling, quantization and computational aspects of the quadrature lock-in amplifier

Leis, John; Kelly, Christopher; Buttsworth, David

doi:10.1109/icspcs.2012.6507974

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Several electrical instrumentation techniques can be used to recover these signal variations. We consider the lock‐in amplification method, also known as phase‐sensitive detection . The working principle of the lock‐in amplifier is symbolically illustrated to the right of Figure .…”

Section: Case: Nanowire Biosensor and Instrumentation System For Measmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model‐based systems engineering for life‐sciences instrumentation development

Patou

Maier

Svendsen

et al. 2018

Systems Engineering

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Next-generation genome sequencing machines and Point-of-Care (PoC) in vitro diagnostics devices are precursors of an emerging class of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), one that harnesses biomolecular-scale mechanisms to enable novel "wet-technology" applications in medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science. Although many such applications exist, testifying the importance of innovative life-sciences instrumentation, recent events have highlighted the difficulties that designing organizations face in their attempt to guarantee safety, reliability, and performance of this special class of CPS. New regulations and increasing competition pressure innovators to rethink their design and engineering practices, and to better address the above challenges. The pace of innovation will be determined by how organizations manage to ensure the satisfaction of aforementioned constraints while also streamlining product development, maintaining high cost-efficiency and shortening time-to-market. Model-Based Systems Engineering provides a valuable framework for addressing these challenges. In this paper, we demonstrate that existing and readily available model-based development frameworks can be adopted early in the life-sciences instrumentation design process. Such frameworks are specifically helpful in describing and characterizing CPS including elements of a biological nature both at the architectural and performance level. We present the SysML model of a smartphone-based PoC diagnostics system designed for detecting a particular molecular marker. By modeling components and behaviors spanning across the biological, physical-nonbiological, and computational domains, we were able to characterize the important systemic relations involved in the specification of our system's Limit of Detection. Our results illustrate the suitability of such an approach and call for further work toward formalisms enabling the formal verification of systems including biomolecular components. K E Y W O R D Scyber-physical systems, life-sciences, model-based systems engineering, model-based systems design, sensitivity analysis, SysML 98

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Section: Case: Nanowire Biosensor and Instrumentation System For Measmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model‐based systems engineering for life‐sciences instrumentation development

Patou

Maier

Svendsen

et al. 2018

Systems Engineering

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“…The lock-in amplifier. Reproduced from [37] The technique consists in retrieving the magnitude and phase of a periodic AC signal with a known main harmonic pulsation ω ref . An internal reference signal can be used to generate the excitation signal V ref (t) applied between the SiNW-bioFET source and drain terminals.…”

Section: Phase-sensitive Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

System-Level Sensitivity Analysis of SiNW-bioFET-Based Biosensing Using Lock-In Amplification

et al. 2017

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Abstract-Although Silicon Nanowire biological Field-Effect Transistors (SiNW-bioFETs) have steadily demonstrated their ability to detect biological markers at ultra-low concentration, they have not yet translated into routine diagnostics applications. One of the challenges inherent to the technology is that it requires an instrumentation capable of recovering ultra-low signal variations from sensors usually designed and operated in a highly-resistive configuration. Often overlooked, the SiNWbioFET/instrument interactions are yet critical factors in determining overall system biodetection performances.Here, we carry out for the first time the system-level sensitivity analysis of a generic SiNW-bioFET model coupled to a custom-design instrument based on the lock-in amplifier. By investigating a large parametric space spanning over both sensor and instrumentation specifications, we demonstrate that systemwide investigations can be instrumental in identifying the design trade-offs that will ensure the lowest Limits-of-Detection. The generic character of our analytical model allows us to elaborate on the most general SiNW-bioFET/instrument interactions and their overall implications on detection performances. Our model can be adapted to better match specific sensor or instrument designs to either ensure that ultra-high sensitivity SiNW-bioFETs are coupled with an appropriately sensitive and noise-rejecting instrumentation, or to best tailor SiNW-bioFET design to the specifications of an existing instrument.

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“…One of the derived requirements for leveraging the SiNW-bioFET technology is to couple it with a sensitive instrumentation in order to be able to recover the concentration of the target analyte from the sub-nanoampere currents flowing through the sensor. The lock-in synchronous detection technique represents a potent instrumentation candidate as it offers both the possibility to recover signals buried in high levels of noise and to reliably quantify signals that may vary in amplitude or frequency over several orders of magnitude [ 38 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. The technique requires, in our particular case, a sensitive current pre-amplification.…”

Section: Case Study: Evolvable Platform For Current- and Impedancementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolvable Smartphone-Based Platforms for Point-of-Care In-Vitro Diagnostics Applications

et al. 2016

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The association of smart mobile devices and lab-on-chip technologies offers unprecedented opportunities for the emergence of direct-to-consumer in vitro medical diagnostics applications. Despite their clear transformative potential, obstacles remain to the large-scale disruption and long-lasting success of these systems in the consumer market. For instance, the increasing level of complexity of instrumented lab-on-chip devices, coupled to the sporadic nature of point-of-care testing, threatens the viability of a business model mainly relying on disposable/consumable lab-on-chips. We argued recently that system evolvability, defined as the design characteristic that facilitates more manageable transitions between system generations via the modification of an inherited design, can help remedy these limitations. In this paper, we discuss how platform-based design can constitute a formal entry point to the design and implementation of evolvable smart device/lab-on-chip systems. We present both a hardware/software design framework and the implementation details of a platform prototype enabling at this stage the interfacing of several lab-on-chip variants relying on current- or impedance-based biosensors. Our findings suggest that several change-enabling mechanisms implemented in the higher abstraction software layers of the system can promote evolvability, together with the design of change-absorbing hardware/software interfaces. Our platform architecture is based on a mobile software application programming interface coupled to a modular hardware accessory. It allows the specification of lab-on-chip operation and post-analytic functions at the mobile software layer. We demonstrate its potential by operating a simple lab-on-chip to carry out the detection of dopamine using various electroanalytical methods.

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Sampling, quantization and computational aspects of the quadrature lock-in amplifier

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Model‐based systems engineering for life‐sciences instrumentation development

Model‐based systems engineering for life‐sciences instrumentation development

System-Level Sensitivity Analysis of SiNW-bioFET-Based Biosensing Using Lock-In Amplification

Evolvable Smartphone-Based Platforms for Point-of-Care In-Vitro Diagnostics Applications

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