Sampling Procedures for Estimating the Infant Intake of Human Milk Leptin, Adiponectin, Insulin, Glucose, and Total Lipid

Abstract

Limited attention is given to the efficacy of protocols for the estimation of infant intake of milk components when investigating their impact on infant outcomes. We compared the actual measured intake of human milk components with estimations derived from 15 protocols to determine the most reliable approach for estimating intake of HM leptin, adiponectin, insulin, glucose, and total lipid. Twenty mothers who were 3–5 months postpartum completed a 24 h milk profile study with pre-/post-feed milk samples collection. The true infant intake (control group) based on 24 h milk intake (MI) was compared to estimated infant intakes using concentrations from five sampling protocols that were multiplied by one of true infant MI, considered mean MI (800 mL), or global mean MI (766 mL). The mean measured concentrations of six samples (three sets of pre- and post-feed samples, from morning (06:00–09:00), afternoon (13:00–16:00), and evening (19:00–22:00)) multiplied by the true infant MI, mean considered MI, and global mean MI produced the most accurate estimates of infant intake of these components. Therefore, in the absence of 24 h measurements and sampling, a sampling protocol comprising three sets of pre-/post-feed samples provides the most reliable infant intake estimates of HM leptin, adiponectin, insulin, glucose, and total lipid.

The Effect of Maternal Overweight/Obesity on Serum and Breastmilk Leptin, and Its Associations with Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Health Indices, and Maternal Diet: The BLOOM Study

“…Secondly, we collected both serum and breastmilk samples, which allowed us to examine the associations more widely. Thirdly, we collected 24 h breastmilk samples including fore-and hindmilk, which reduced the interference of intra-feeding and diurnal variability in leptin concentrations [74]. Fourthly, we assessed the maternal body composition using DEXA, a "gold standard" in the assessment of body composition [27,75].…”