Sampling of benzene in environmental and exhaled air by solid-phase microextraction and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Menezes, Helvécio Costa; Amorim, Leiliane Coelho André; Cardeal, Zenilda de Lourdes

doi:10.1007/s00216-009-3206-x

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Expired benzene in air is useful in revealing differences in benzene exposure between non-smokers and smokers. Central tendency expired benzene air concentrations for the non-smoking general population generally range from 3 to 32 ng/L and for smokers 14 to 73 ng/L (Brugnone et al., 1989a; Egeghy et al., 2002; Jo & Pack, 2000; Menezes et al., 2009; Plebani et al., 1999; Wallace & Pellizzari, 1987). Thus, benzene levels in tobacco smokers and non-smokers are different when measured in expired air, urine and blood.…”

Section: Biomarkers/analytical Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessment: benzene case study

Arnold

Angerer

Boogaard

et al. 2013

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

117

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A framework of “Common Criteria” (i.e. a series of questions) has been developed to inform the use and evaluation of biomonitoring data in the context of human exposure and risk assessment. The data-rich chemical benzene was selected for use in a case study to assess whether refinement of the Common Criteria framework was necessary, and to gain additional perspective on approaches for integrating biomonitoring data into a risk-based context. The available data for benzene satisfied most of the Common Criteria and allowed for a risk-based evaluation of the benzene biomonitoring data. In general, biomarker (blood benzene, urinary benzene and urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid) central tendency (i.e. mean, median and geometric mean) concentrations for non-smokers are at or below the predicted blood or urine concentrations that would correspond to exposure at the US Environmental Protection Agency reference concentration (30 µg/m3), but greater than blood or urine concentrations relating to the air concentration at the 1 × 10−5 excess cancer risk (2.9 µg/m3). Smokers clearly have higher levels of benzene exposure, and biomarker levels of benzene for non-smokers are generally consistent with ambient air monitoring results. While some biomarkers of benzene are specific indicators of exposure, the interpretation of benzene biomonitoring levels in a health-risk context are complicated by issues associated with short half-lives and gaps in knowledge regarding the relationship between the biomarkers and subsequent toxic effects.

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Section: Biomarkers/analytical Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessment: benzene case study

Arnold

Angerer

Boogaard

et al. 2013

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

117

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“…Concentrations of SO 2 , NO 2 and BTEX in the atmospheric aerosol were calculated according to the formula: ], m i -mass of the substance i determined in the probe, reduced by the mass of the substance i in the blind sample [µg], t -exposition time [min] and P -empirical conversion factor, characteristic for the substance i [32]. The procedure of probes and reagents preparation for determining SO 2 , NO 2 and C 6 H 6 was carried out in line with the Authors' recommendations [31], and the procedures of desorption, chromatographic analysis, calibration and calculations for benzene were based on the manual [33] and for SO 2 and NO 2 on the guidelines [31].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Publications dealing with the issue of air pollution are mainly focused on presenting data on air quality in densely populated areas [1][2][3]. The literature sporadically presents results of researches focusing on aerosanitary conditions in the rural areas [4,5], are occasionally presented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Values of the Gaseous Concentrations of Air Quality Ratings in a Rural Area

Olszowski¹

2013

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

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This study presents the quantities of immission of the selected gas pollutions in the area of a compact development village. Within a range of a one-year research project (2012), the yearly average, seasonal and daily profiles of concentrations of the gas compounds in the air had been determined (SO2, NO2 and BTEX). Measures were executed in the area of a rural development and in the areas adjacent to the administrative village periphery. In the seasonal researches a passive method and a GC analytic technique had been used along with an automatic analyser to determine daily NO2 concentrations. It was found out that an air quality in a rural area is determined by the influence of the local sources (unstructured emission from domestic and farm buildings as well as a communication emission) and a toxicants' quantity, enriching environment, depends on cyclic weather states, characteristic for a moderate climate. It has been proved that the maximum concentrations of the tested compounds occur in the center of a village development. It has been proved that it was winter emission that influenced the value of a yearly average concentration of pollutions in the air in a most significant manner. Theory concerning parity of a natural and anthropogenic sources affecting the aerosanitary parameters of rural compact settlement area, has been questioned. It has been proposed to introduce an obligatory, temporary indicator monitoring of a compound, which might prove be a nitrogen dioxide.

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“…5 In water and soil the most commonly employed methods are based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), [6][7][8] or to a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). [9][10][11] BTEX determination using gas chromatography is quite time consuming, and needs special instrumentation, and thus the development of alternative methods that could be used even on-site is highly required. 5,12,13 Immunochemical assays represent simple, rapid and low-cost methods, often allowing examining samples without extensive pretreatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemiluminescent ELISA for the BTEX Determination in Water and Soil

et al. 2010

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Experimental Reagents and chemicalsAll reagents were of analytical grade. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-, m-, p-xylenes were from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and goat anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish 2010 © The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry † To whom correspondence should be addressed. An indirect competitive chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CL-ELISA) for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and ortho-, meta-, para-xylenes (BTEX) in soil and water was developed. The assay was optimized concerning the coating conjugate concentration, anti-BTEX antiserum dilution, incubation time effect on primary and secondary antibody incubation, and temperature effect on the competitive step and tolerance to different organic solvents. The IC50 and lower limit of the detection (LDD90) values were 4.6 and 0.5 μg mL -1 , respectively. While water samples could be analyzed directly, soil has to be extracted and diluted prior to immunochemical measurements. BTEX could be recovered from spiked soil with a yield higher than 60% using 5-min ultrasonication with methanol. Finally, the assay was applied to soil and water samples collected at a contaminated site in Italy, and was compared to GC-MS.

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Sampling of benzene in environmental and exhaled air by solid-phase microextraction and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cited by 26 publications

References 21 publications

The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessment: benzene case study

The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessment: benzene case study

Seasonal Values of the Gaseous Concentrations of Air Quality Ratings in a Rural Area

Chemiluminescent ELISA for the BTEX Determination in Water and Soil

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