Sampling Methods for Butterflies (Lepidoptera)

Freitas, André Victor Lucci; Santos, Jessie Pereira dos; Rosa, Augusto Henrique Batista; Iserhard, Cristiano Agra; Richter, Aline; Siewert, Ricardo Russo; Gueratto, Patrícia Eyng; Carreira, Junia Yasmin Oliveira; Lourenço, Giselle Martins

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53226-0_5

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Fruit‐feeding butterfly assemblages were sampled between November 2016 and March 2017, which correspond to the summer season in the Southern Hemisphere and which is the best period of the year for sampling butterflies in the Atlantic Forest (Iserhard et al., 2017 ). We adopted standardized methods for sampling fruit‐feeding butterflies in the Neotropical region (Freitas et al., 2014 ), which consisted in install five traps per sampling unit, which were baited with a mixture of mashed banana and sugarcane juice (Freitas et al., 2021 ). We performed monthly surveys at six sites of native forest within FLONA‐SFP for 5 months.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their feeding habit, these butterflies can be sampled with passive and standardized methodologies such as bait traps (Freitas et al., 2021). Unlike other methods to sample butterflies (entomological nets or transect counts), bait traps avoid bias related to variation in the observer or personal expertise about species detection (Boulinier et al., 1998; Kéry & Plattner, 2007; Ribeiro et al., 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The hidden side of diversity: Effects of imperfect detection on multiple dimensions of biodiversity

Richter

Nakamura

Iserhard

et al. 2021

Ecology and Evolution

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Studies on ecological communities often address patterns of species distribution and abundance, but few consider uncertainty in counts of both species and individuals when computing diversity measures. We evaluated the extent to which imperfect detection may influence patterns of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in ecological communities. We estimated the true abundance of fruit‐feeding butterflies sampled in canopy and understory strata in a subtropical forest. We compared the diversity values calculated by observed and estimated abundance data through the hidden diversity framework. This framework evaluates the deviation of observed diversity when compared with diversities derived from estimated true abundances and whether such deviation represents a bias or a noise in the observed diversity pattern. The hidden diversity values differed between strata for all diversity measures, except for functional richness. The taxonomic measure was the only one where we observed an inversion of the most diverse stratum when imperfect detection was included. Regarding phylogenetic and functional measures, the strata showed distinct responses to imperfect detection, despite the tendency to overestimate observed diversity. While the understory showed noise for the phylogenetic measure, since the observed pattern was maintained, the canopy had biased diversity for the functional metric. This bias occurred since no significant differences were found between strata for observed diversity, but rather for estimated diversity, with the canopy being more clustered. We demonstrate that ignore imperfect detection may lead to unrealistic estimates of diversity and hence to erroneous interpretations of patterns and processes that structure biological communities. For fruit‐feeding butterflies, according to their phylogenetic position or functional traits, the undetected individuals triggered different responses in the relationship of the diversity measures to the environmental factor. This highlights the importance to evaluate and include the uncertainty in species detectability before calculating biodiversity measures to describe communities.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hidden side of diversity: Effects of imperfect detection on multiple dimensions of biodiversity

Richter

Nakamura

Iserhard

et al. 2021

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Butterfly sampling was performed over four periods (Period 1: March and April 2016, Period 2: June and July 2016, Period 3: November and December 2016, Period 4: January, February and March 2017) along seven altitudinal bands between 800 and 1400 m a.s.l. All butterflies were sampled at every 100 m of altitude using insect nets (40 cm of hoop's diameter and handle about 1.2–1.8 m; Freitas et al, 2021) only in the Cerrado and campo rupestre areas of Serra de São José, where trees are rare due to their intrinsic characteristics, which makes the use of traps more difficult.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is elevation a strong environmental filter? Combining taxonomy, functional traits and phylogeny of butterflies in a tropical mountain

Henriques

Lourenço

Diniz

et al. 2022

Ecological Entomology

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Environmental filters select species that tolerate and respond to habitat conditions similarly. By combining taxonomy, functional traits and phylogeny, we aimed to understand the spatial distribution of a tropical butterfly community, evaluating whether elevation acts as an environmental filter strong enough to select flight‐related traits. Frugivorous and nectarivorous butterflies were sampled with nets at seven altitudinal bands (800–1400 m) in four sampling periods. We tested seven flight‐related traits (wing length, width, and area; thorax volume; wing:thorax ratio [WTR]length, WTRwidth and WTRarea) and incorporated the effects of phylogeny in the relationships among these traits and with elevation. Butterfly diversity decreased with increased elevation, and four traits exhibited larger values at higher elevations: wing length, width, area and WTRarea. This suggests that butterflies tended to have smaller wings and robust bodies at lower elevations, and larger wings with slender bodies at higher elevations, possibly related to flight speed or wind conditions. Although the phylogenetic relatedness did not exert significant weight in the traits and elevation, we found indication of phylogenetic conservatism of wing area and WTR. Butterflies in mountains experience a strong selection by several environmental filters related to flight performance, and our study demonstrated a robust relationship between elevation, flight‐related traits and species distribution. These relationships occurred regardless of phylogenetic relatedness, but most traits are conserved and exhibit resemblance in the phylogenetic lineages of these species. These findings suggest an influence of a widespread filter promoted by the elevational gradient with convergent trait evolution.

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“…Fruit-feeding butterfly assemblages were sampled between November 2016 and March 2017, which correspond to the summer season in the Southern Hemisphere and which is the best period of the year for sampling butterflies in the Atlantic Forest (Iserhard, Romanowski, Richter, & Mendonça, 2017). We adopted standardized methods for sampling fruit-feeding butterflies in the Neotropical region (Freitas et al, 2014), which consisted in install five traps per sampling unit, which were baited with a mixture of mashed banana and sugarcane juice (Freitas et al, 2021). We performed monthly surveys at six sites of native forest within FLONA-SFP for five months.…”

Section: Study Sites and Sampling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their feeding habit, these butterflies can be sampled with passive and standardized methodologies such as bait traps (Freitas et al, 2021). Unlike other methods to sample butterflies (entomological nets or transect counts), bait traps avoid bias related to variation in the observer or personal expertise about species detection (Boulinier et al, 1998, Kéry & Plattner, 2007, Ribeiro et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hidden Side of Diversity: Effects of Imperfect Detection on Multiple Dimensions of Biodiversity

Richter

Nakamura

Iserhard

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Studies on ecological communities often address patterns of species distribution and abundance, but few consider uncertainty in counts of both species and individuals when computing diversity measures. We evaluated the extent to which imperfect detection may influence patterns of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in ecological communities. We estimated the true abundance of fruit-feeding butterflies sampled in canopy and understory strata in a subtropical forest. We compared the diversity values calculated by observed and estimated abundance data through the hidden diversity framework. This framework evaluates the deviation of observed diversity when compared with diversities derived from estimated true abundances, and if such deviation represents a bias or a noise in the observed diversity pattern. The hidden diversity values differed between strata for all diversity measures, except for functional richness. The taxonomic measure was the only one where we observed an inversion of the most diverse stratum when imperfect detection was included. Regarding phylogenetic and functional measures, the strata showed distinct responses to imperfect detection, despite the tendency to overestimate observed diversity. While the understory showed noise for the phylogenetic measure, since the observed pattern was maintained, the canopy had biased diversity for the functional metric. This bias occurred since no significant differences were found between strata for observed diversity, but rather for estimated diversity, with the canopy being more clustered. We demonstrate that ignore imperfect detection may lead to unrealistic estimates of diversity and hence, to erroneous interpretations of patterns and processes that structure biological communities. For fruit-feeding butterflies, according to their phylogenetic position or functional traits, the undetected individuals triggered different responses in the relationship of the diversity measures to the environmental factor. This highlights the importance to evaluate and include the uncertainty in species detectability before calculating biodiversity measures to describe communities.

show abstract

Sampling Methods for Butterflies (Lepidoptera)

Cited by 15 publications

References 74 publications

The hidden side of diversity: Effects of imperfect detection on multiple dimensions of biodiversity

The hidden side of diversity: Effects of imperfect detection on multiple dimensions of biodiversity

Is elevation a strong environmental filter? Combining taxonomy, functional traits and phylogeny of butterflies in a tropical mountain

The Hidden Side of Diversity: Effects of Imperfect Detection on Multiple Dimensions of Biodiversity

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