Sampling incinerator effluents for PCDDs and PCDFs: A critical evaluation of existing sampling procedures

Janssens, J.; Daelemans, F.; Schepens, Paul

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(92)90149-l

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The glass fiber filter (Whatman-EPM 2000 110 mm) used in this study collects test particles with a mean diameter of 0.3 µm with a collection efficiency exceeding 99.95% at a flow rate of <1.5 m 3 /min. A previous study indicates that possible interferences may exist in the stack gas sampling processes regarding the partitioning of PCDD/Fs between the vapor and solid phases (9). To avoid the error and bias caused by the sampling of PCDD/Fs bound to the particulate matter, isokinetic sampling had to be conducted in order to collect a representative sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of PCDD/F Distributions in Vapor and Solid Phases and Emissions from the Waelz Process

Hsien

Chang

2006

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The Waelz process is a classic method used for recovering zinc from electric arc furnace (EAF) dusts containing relatively high concentrations of PCDD/Fs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) as well as volatile metals, such as Zn, Pb, and Cu, and chlorine. As a result of the operating temperature in the cooling process and high carbon and chlorine contents, significant PCDD/Fs are formed in the typical Waelz process, causing public concerns regarding PCDD/F emissions. In this study, flue gas and ash samplings are simultaneously conducted at different sampling points to evaluate the removal efficiency and the partitioning of PCDD/Fs between the vapor and solid phases in the Waelz plant investigated. With the environment (temperature window, sufficient retention time, chlorine, and catalysts available) conducive to PCDD/F formation in the dust settling chamber (DSC), a significantly high PCDD/F concentration (1223 ng TEQ/Nm3) is measured in flue gas downstream from the DSC of the Waelz plant investigated. In addition, the cyclone and bag filter adopted in this facility can only remove 51.3% and 69.4%, respectively, of the PCDD/Fs in the flue gas, resulting in a high PCDD/F concentration (145 ng TEQ/Nm3) measured in the stack gas of the Waelz plant investigated. On the basis of treating 1 ton of EAF dust, the total PCDD/F discharge (stack gas emission + ash discharge) is 840 ng TEQ/kg EAF dust of the Waelz plant investigated. Because of the lack of effective air pollutant control devices for PCDD/Fs, about 560 ng TEQ/kg EAF dust are discharged via stack gas in this facility.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of PCDD/F Distributions in Vapor and Solid Phases and Emissions from the Waelz Process

Hsien

Chang

2006

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The glass fiber filter (Whatman-EPM 2000 110 mm) used in this study collects test particles with mean diameter of 0.3 µm with collection efficiency exceeding 99.95% at the flow rate <1.5 m 3 /min. Previous study indicates that possible interferences may exist in the stack gas sampling processes regarding the partitioning of PCDD/Fs between vapor and solid phases (9). To avoid the error and bias caused by sampling of dioxins bound to the particulate matter, isokinetic sampling had to be conducted in order to collect a representative sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of PCDD/F Congener Partition in Vapor/Solid Phases of Waste Incinerator Flue Gases

Hsien

Chang

2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Activated carbon injection (ACI) is commonly used to control PCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) emissions from stationary sources. In this study, the characteristics of PCDD/Fs emitted from one municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and two industrial waste incinerators (IWI-1 and IWI-2) that apply activated carbon systems for controlling the emissions are investigated via intensive stack sampling. MWI and IWI-1 are equipped with ACI and bag filters (BF) while IWI-2 is equipped with a fixed activated carbon bed (FCB). Results indicate that most PCDD/Fs in flue gas downstream of ACI+BF exist in vapor phase (over 90%) while most PCDD/ Fs exist in solid phase (over 60%) downstream of FCB. For MWI and IWI-1, the removal efficiencies of vapor and solid-phase PCDD/Fs are 98.5-99.6% and 99.8-99.9%, respectively. In addition,the removal efficiencies of vapor- and solid-phase PCDD/Fs are 84.5% and -13.4% in IWI-2, respectively. The results also indicate that the partition of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F is affected by the type of the air pollutant control devices (APCDs) applied upstream and the particulate matter concentration in flue gas. On the basis of the sampling results of waste incinerators, this study preliminarily establishes the equations for predicting vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F partition in flue gases downstream of various APCDs including cyclone (CY), electrostatic precipitator (EP), FCB, ACI+BF, and selective catalytic reduction system (SCR).

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“…A further complication is the possibility of a sampling artifact [84], when reaction continues between the sample gas stream and the ash deposit in the filter, as found with PAH. This possibility has not been definitively investigated [85]. The second difference is the absence of gas-phase chlorine, which means that the reactions are driven by oxygen-based reactions, with chlorine supplied from the solid matrix.…”

Section: A Survey Of Solid-phase Formationmentioning

confidence: 97%

The formation of dioxins in combustion systems

Stanmore

2004

Combustion and Flame

430

215

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Sampling incinerator effluents for PCDDs and PCDFs: A critical evaluation of existing sampling procedures

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

Characteristics of PCDD/F Distributions in Vapor and Solid Phases and Emissions from the Waelz Process

Characteristics of PCDD/F Distributions in Vapor and Solid Phases and Emissions from the Waelz Process

Evaluation of PCDD/F Congener Partition in Vapor/Solid Phases of Waste Incinerator Flue Gases

The formation of dioxins in combustion systems

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