Sampling compliance for cortisol upon awakening in children and adolescents

Rotenberg, Sivan; McGrath, Jennifer J.

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.10.002

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…Participants recorded the date and time each sample was taken in a daily log, which was initialed by parents or teachers as a marker of compliance (97% of log entries initialed by parent/teacher). Compliance was also verified for the awakening (awake 0 ) sample using accelerometry data (supine to sitting; Rotenberg & McGrath, 2014). Consistent with previous adult findings, most participants (88.1%) collected the awake 0 sample within 15 min of the accelerometer-based wake-time (Dockray et al, 2008;DeSantis et al, 2011) and 91% of the participants collected the awake 0, awake 30 , and awake 45 samples within one hour post awakening; further details on compliance can be found in Rotenberg & McGrath (2014).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 76%

Inter-relation between autonomic and HPA axis activity in children and adolescents

Rotenberg

McGrath

2016

Biological Psychology

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Stress research in youth typically considers either the autonomic nervous system or HPA axis.However, these systems are highly coordinated and physically interconnected. We examined whether the interrelation between cardio-autonomic and HPA axis measures was better associated with perceived stress than their singular associations. Children and adolescents (N = 201) collected saliva samples to measure cortisol (AUC AG , AUC I , maximum), wore an electrocardiogram monitor for 24 h to derive heart rate variability (HRV; LF, HF, LF/HF ratio), and completed the Perceived Stress Scale. The interaction between sympathovagal modulation (LF, LF/HF ratio) and cortisol awakening response (AUC AG , AUC I , maximum) explained significantly greater variance in perceived stress than either stress system alone. Higher sympathovagal modulation combined with higher cortisol awakening response was associated with greater perceived stress. Findings suggest that the inter-relation between cardio-autonomic and HPA axis activity may advance our understanding of how stress impacts health.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 76%

Inter-relation between autonomic and HPA axis activity in children and adolescents

Rotenberg

McGrath

2016

Biological Psychology

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“…A second limitation is related to the issue of compliance. Sampling compliance (e.g., refrain from eating, brushing teeth, drinking; timing of collection; coding and storage of samples) is essential for the precise measurement of salivary cortisol profiles, and a lack of compliance is a potential source of variance (Dockray, Bhattacharyya, Molloy, & Steptoe, 2008; Rotenberg & McGrath, 2014). Recall, that a parent or caretaker collected the home-based samples and that special care was taken to insure compliance with the saliva collection protocol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salivary cortisol sampling is simple, quick, noninvasive, and can be collected in a naturalistic setting such as the home, classroom or playground (Gunnar, 1992; Kirschbaum & Hellhammer, 1999). Even infants, toddlers and young children are able to provide salivary cortisol samples suitable for laboratory analysis (Gunnar, 1992; Hanrahan, McCarthy, Kleiber, Lutgendorf, & Tsalikian, 2006; Rotenberg & McGrath, 2014; Turner-Cobb, Rixon, & Jessop, 2008). Moreover, numerous studies have demonstrated the utility of salivary cortisol for the measurement of stress in typically developing children (Gunnar, 1992) and in children with various chronic health conditions such as autism spectrum disorders (Corbett et al, 2008; Corbett et al, 2014), chronic fatigue syndrome (Heim et al, 2009; Nijhof et al, 2014), affective disorders (Dahl et al, 1991; Pervanidou et al, 2013; Russ et al, 2012), asthma (Buske-Kirschbaum et al, 1997), child maltreatment (Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006), and social deprivation or early adversity (Gunnar, Morison, Chisholm, & Schuder, 2001; Koss et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Cortisol Profiles of Children with Hearing Loss

et al. 2016

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Objectives It has long been speculated that effortful listening places children with hearing loss at risk for fatigue. School-age children with hearing loss experiencing cumulative stress and listening fatigue on a daily basis might undergo dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity resulting in elevated or flattened cortisol profiles. The purpose of this study was to examine whether school-age children with hearing loss show different diurnal salivary cortisol patterns than children with normal hearing. Design Participants included 32 children with mild to moderate hearing loss (14 males; 18 females) and 28 children with normal hearing (19 males; 9 females) ranging in age from six to twelve years. Saliva samples were obtained six times per day on two separate school days. Cortisol levels were measured by mass spectrometric detection after liquid-liquid extraction. Salivary cortisol levels between children with hearing loss and children with no hearing loss over the course of the day were examined with Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) using mixed-model statistical analysis. Between-group comparisons were also computed for the area under the curve (AUC), an analytical approach for calculating overall cortisol secretion throughout the day. Results Significant differences in the cortisol awakening response (CAR) were observed between children with hearing loss and children with normal hearing; however, no differences were observed between the two groups subsequent to the CAR (60- minutes post-awakening, 10:00 am, 2:00 pm and 8:00 pm). Compared to children with normal hearing, children with hearing loss displayed elevated cortisol levels at awakening and a reduced growth in cortisol secretion from awakening to 30-minutes post- awakening. No significant differences in overall cortisol secretion throughout the day were found between groups (area under the curve). Finally, cortisol levels increased with increasing age for children with hearing loss but not for children with normal hearing. Conclusions Results of this preliminary study indicate a possible dysregulation in HPA axis activity in children with hearing loss characterized by elevated salivary cortisol levels at awakening and a diminished increase in cortisol from awakening to 30- minutes post-awakening. The pattern of elevated cortisol levels at awakening is consistent with some studies on adults with burnout, a condition characterized by fatigue, loss of energy and poor coping skills. These findings are consistent with the idea that children with hearing loss may experience increased vigilance and need to mobilize energy promptly in preparation for the new day.

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“…Each sample was initialled by parents or teachers as a measure of compliance. Previous research has demonstrated good compliance with saliva sampling protocols in youth (Rotenberg and McGrath, 2014). Youth were instructed to store saliva samples in the freezer at home until they returned them to the laboratory.…”

Section: 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Missing values were imputed 20 times with re-sampling techniques to derive aggregate cortisol indices. This method was previously used in a study examining cortisol in youth (Rotenberg and McGrath, 2014). Regression analyses were conducted to examine (1) the relation between stressful experiences (i.e., perceived stress, stressful life events) and diurnal cortisol, (2) the relation between stressful experiences and sleep, and (3) the relation between sleep and diurnal cortisol.…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poor sleep as a pathophysiological pathway underlying the association between stressful experiences and the diurnal cortisol profile among children and adolescents

McGrath

Gouin

2015

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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SummaryRecent evidence suggests that poor sleep is a potential pathway underlying the association between stressful experiences and the diurnal cortisol profile. However, existing findings are largely limited to adults. The present study examines whether poor sleep (duration, quality) mediates the relation between stressful experiences and the diurnal cortisol profile in children and adolescents. Children and adolescents (N = 220, M age = 12.62) provided six saliva samples over two days to derive cortisol indices (bedtime, AUC AG , AUC TG , slope MAX ). Perceived stress, stressful life events, self-reported sleep duration, and sleep quality were measured. Using bootstrapping analyses, sleep quality mediated the relation between perceived stress and AUC TG (R2 = 0.10, F(7, 212) = 3.55, p = .001; 95% BCI[0.09, 1.15]), as well as the relation between stressful life events and AUC TG (R2 = 0.11, F(7, 212) = 3.69, p = .001; 95% BCI[0.40, 3.82]).These mediation models remained significant after adjusting for sleep duration, suggesting that poor sleep quality underlies the association between stressful experiences and the diurnal cortisol profile in children and adolescents. Longitudinal data combined with objectively-measured sleep is essential to further disentangle the complex association between sleep and stress. KeywordsSleep; Cortisol; Stressful life events; Perceived stress; Child; Adolescent Stress is known to alter cortisol secretion. Exposure to acute laboratory-induced stressors elicits transient increases in cortisol level (Dickerson and Kemeny, 2004). Naturally occurring stressful experiences, including perceived stress and stressful life events, have also been associated with a disrupted diurnal cortisol profile. Adults who report greater perceived stress (i.e., nonspecific, subjective appraised stress, Cohen et al., 1995) CIHR Author ManuscriptCIHR Author Manuscript CIHR Author Manuscript awakening response, total cortisol level, and flatter diurnal slopes (Miller et al., 2007;Pruessner et al., 1999;Schulz et al., 1998). Greater stressful life events (e.g., unemployment, divorce) are associated with higher morning and evening cortisol levels and flatter diurnal slopes (Miller et al., 2007). Similar findings have been established in both children and adolescents (hereafter referred to as "youth" for parsimony). Youth who report greater stressful life events (e.g., family conflict, academic stress) have a higher cortisol awakening response and elevated afternoon cortisol levels than their less stressed counterparts (Gustafsson et al., 2010;Wolf et al., 2008). While there is convincing evidence that stressful experiences disrupt the diurnal cortisol profile, the potential pathways underlying this association remain unclear.Sleep is one plausible pathway by which stressful experiences disrupt the diurnal cortisol profile. The sleep-wake cycle has a close, temporal association with diurnal cortisol secretion. Nocturnal sleep onset reliably exerts an inhibitory effect on cortisol secretion (Van Cauter et al.,...

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Sampling compliance for cortisol upon awakening in children and adolescents

Cited by 13 publications

References 33 publications

Inter-relation between autonomic and HPA axis activity in children and adolescents

Inter-relation between autonomic and HPA axis activity in children and adolescents

Salivary Cortisol Profiles of Children with Hearing Loss

Poor sleep as a pathophysiological pathway underlying the association between stressful experiences and the diurnal cortisol profile among children and adolescents

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