Sampling bees in tropical forests and agroecosystems: a review

Abstract

most effective sampling protocols in open tropical systems; conversely, malaise traps, nets and baits may be the most effective in forests. Declining bee populations emphasize the critical need in method standardization and reporting precision. Moreover, we recommend reporting a catchability coefficient, a measure of the interaction between the resource (bee) abundance and catching effort. Melittologists could also consider existing methods, such as occupancy models, to quantify changes in distribution and abundance after modeling heterogeneity in trapping probability, and consider the possibility of developing monitoring frameworks that draw from multiple sources of data.

The relative performance of sampling methods for native bees: an empirical test and review of the literature

“…While it is often believed that smaller‐bodied taxa are more likely to be missed from targeted sweep netting (Prado et al. , Templ et al. ), this was not the case in the present study.…”

“…In contrast, pan traps can often only be deployed for a more limited duration: In hot weather (as occurred in the present study), the water evaporates, and in rainy weather, they soon fill up and overflow (Prado et al. ). Pan traps can also be knocked over by wind or animals, or vandalized (Droege et al.…”

“…A recent review of the efficacy of different sampling methods was focused on tropical forest agroecosystems (Prado et al. ), and almost all other empirical studies explicitly comparing sampling methods have been restricted to natural or agricultural ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere (Wilson et al. , Grundel et al.…”

Are Orchid Bees (Apidae: Euglossini) Good Indicators of the State of Conservation of Neotropical Forests?

“…'Organisms should be easily captured, manipulated and observed; the study of the group should not jeopardize its conservation': Orchid bees males collect fragrances in nature, which facilitates their collection by means of chemical fragrances placed as baits (Parra-H et al, 2016) and collections are done manually with nets, which is prone to bias caused by the skills of the collector. Fixed traps are also prone to bias since some species are never caught by these traps (Prado et al, 2017) and their efficiency can be influenced by their design (Sydney & Gonçalves, 2015).…”

“…Protocols that perform samplings twice a month often do not account for the uneven spatial and temporal distribution throughout the year, an issue in areas with strong seasonality (Nemésio, 2012). Overall, it has been difficult to establish systematic sampling methods (Prado et al, 2017).…”