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The success of the hydrocarbon recovery improvement via Water Alternative Gas injection process is closely related to the microscopic displacement and macroscopic sweep efficiency. Effectiveness of the successive displacements by water and gas injections, maximizing the three phase zones by optimum force balancing in the reservoir, WAG injection cycle, double displacement and film drainage process are among the important parameters that affect the sweep and displacement efficiency in WAG process. Water and gas injection scheme play an important role in optimization of these parameters. Different schemes of WAG injection have been reported in open literature including gas injection up dip, water injection down dip and vice versa.In this paper, the efficiency of various WAG injection schemes toward improvement of the above important parameters will be presented. Detailed theoretical investigation and simulation study are conducted. A new injection scheme is proposed. In the proposed methodology, water is injected from down dip and gas is injected from up dip in the first cycle. In the second cycle, gas is injected from down dip and water is injected from up dip. Water and gas injection location will alternatively change in each cycle of injection. Different design parameters are considered and studied including mobility ratio between water and oil phases, location of the water and the gas injectors, injection rate, WAG injection cycle. The results show that the proposed methodology has significant improvement on the displacement efficiency and three phase zone size and hence yield higher hydrocarbon recovery.
The success of the hydrocarbon recovery improvement via Water Alternative Gas injection process is closely related to the microscopic displacement and macroscopic sweep efficiency. Effectiveness of the successive displacements by water and gas injections, maximizing the three phase zones by optimum force balancing in the reservoir, WAG injection cycle, double displacement and film drainage process are among the important parameters that affect the sweep and displacement efficiency in WAG process. Water and gas injection scheme play an important role in optimization of these parameters. Different schemes of WAG injection have been reported in open literature including gas injection up dip, water injection down dip and vice versa.In this paper, the efficiency of various WAG injection schemes toward improvement of the above important parameters will be presented. Detailed theoretical investigation and simulation study are conducted. A new injection scheme is proposed. In the proposed methodology, water is injected from down dip and gas is injected from up dip in the first cycle. In the second cycle, gas is injected from down dip and water is injected from up dip. Water and gas injection location will alternatively change in each cycle of injection. Different design parameters are considered and studied including mobility ratio between water and oil phases, location of the water and the gas injectors, injection rate, WAG injection cycle. The results show that the proposed methodology has significant improvement on the displacement efficiency and three phase zone size and hence yield higher hydrocarbon recovery.
Abstract-The demand for fossil fuel for instance, oil and gas has been dramatic in recent decades. Therefore, many oil and gas companies are attempting to find out new technics for enhancing oil recovery for example, secondary and tertiary methods. Indeed, in recent years the interest in water alternating gas (WAG) has been increased as tertiary recovery method. Moreover, this method has been applied successfully in several fields around the world. In fact, the (WAG) injection method results in three-phase flow zones. Therefore, it is important to understand and well describing the multi-phase flow properties. This study investigated the uncertainty in multi-phase flow between pore-scale network modelling and empirical methods. Network models are being used as alternative for empirical methods to describe the multi-phase flow properties, since the former are physically-based tools which integrate the relevant pore-scale mechanisms while the latter often have little physical basis. The reservoir simulation has been employed to study the effect of rock heterogeneity on the absolute oil recovery obtained by empirical methods and pore network model during WAG injection in heterogeneous reservoirs. The results showed that rock heterogeneity could increase the three phase flow uncertainty between empirical methods and pore network modelling. Moreover; the investigation showed significant effect of rock heterogeneity (different relative permeability models) on overall WAG performance.
An alliance was formed between PETRONAS Carigali and Schlumberger IPM to re-develop the mature Samarang field, offshore Malaysia. Integrated studies had identified opportunities to increase recoverable reserves in the 30 year old field by as much as 10% of STOIIP from infill drilling and EOR techniques. However, with 96 wells and 48 sidetracks already drilled, the number of additional slots that could economically be made available for potentially up to 33 new wells in the redevelopment campaign was limited.Of the several options considered to address the challenge of limited slots, conductor sharing technology was preferred over multiple sidetracks and costly slot recoveries. The size constraint of the available 36 x 13-3/8 x 9-5/8 5ksi dual wellhead system was however a concern. Offset wells analyses showed losses, tight hole and stuck surface casing problems, with several casings set shallower than planned. These challenges had historically being mitigated with a shallow 18-5/8 casing to enable setting the 13-3/8 surface casing at planned depth. The elimination of this contingency casing implied increased exposure in getting the surface casings to bottom and was mitigated with the integration of directional Casing Drilling into the surface hole plans. This paper presents the integration of Casing Drilling with Conductor Sharing technology in the phase 1 of the Samarang redevelopment project. It focuses on the key engineering considerations (casing API connection enhancement, geometrical separation, start-up rotary anti-collision etc) applied to address the concerns associated with the technology integration in a cost-sensitive environment. The paper also discusses the highlights, lessons learnt and recommendations from its successful execution. The unique integration of Casing Drilling and Conductor Sharing Wells in Samarang is believed to be the world's 1st combination of the technologies. It's success has provided opportunity to reduce construction costs for phase 2 of the project and opened up further well design optimization opportunities in the development of challenging brown fields.
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