SAM: A Theory of Probabilistic Search of Associative Memory

Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W.; Shiffrin, Richard M.

doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60162-0

Cited by 342 publications

(581 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…At least at a general level, they would seem to do so. For example, the search of associative memory (SAM) model, first proposed by Raaijmakers and Shiffrin (1980) and later extended to recognition by Gillund and Shiffrin (1984), provides for the opportunity of false recognition (and presumably recall) by means of associative processes. Although it was not the main thrust of their paper, Shiffrin et al (1995) demonstrated that the SAM model did fit their observation of an increased tendency to produce false alarms to category mem-bers with increases in the number of category exemplars presented.…”

Section: Explanations Of False Recall and False Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists.

Roediger¹,

McDermott²

1995

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

2,808

220

3,740

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Two experiments (modeled after J. Deese's 1959 study) revealed remarkable levels of false recall and false recognition in a list learning paradigm. In Experiment 1, subjects studied lists of 12 words (e.g., bed, rest, awake); each list was composed of associates of 1 nonpresented word (e.g., sleep). On immediate free recall tests, the nonpresented associates were recalled 40% of the time and were later recognized with high confidence. In Experiment 2, a false recall rate of 55% was obtained with an expanded set of lists, and on a later recognition test, subjects produced false alarms to these items at a rate comparable to the hit rate. The act of recall enhanced later remembering of both studied and nonstudied material. The results reveal a powerful illusion of memory: People remember events that never happened.

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Section: Explanations Of False Recall and False Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists.

Roediger¹,

McDermott²

1995

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

2,808

220

3,740

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Accordingly, models of free recall have typically assumed that subjects maintain some representation of the list context to use as the cue in free recall (e.g. Raaijmakers & Shiffrin, 1980;Anderson & Bower, 1972;Hasselmo & Wyble, 1997). TCM builds on this tradition by assuming that the current state of temporal context is the cue used to initiate recall in the free recall task.…”

Section: The Recency Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Place from time: Reconstructing position from a distributed representation of temporal context

Howard

Natu

2005

Neural Networks

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The temporal context model (TCM Howard & Kahana, 2002) was proposed to describe recency and associative effects observed in episodic recall. Episodic recall depends on an intact medial temporal lobe, a region of the brain that also supports a place code. Howard, Fotedar, Datey, and Hasselmo (2005) demonstrated that the leaky integrator that supports a gradually-changing representation of temporal context in TCM is sufficient to describe properties of cells observed in ventromedial entorhinal cortex during spatial navigation if it is provided with input about the animal's current velocity. This representation of temporal context generates noisy place cells in the open field, unlike the clearly-defined place cells observed in the hippocampus. Here we demonstrate that a reasonably accurate spatial representation can be extracted from temporal context with as few as eight cells, suggesting that the spatial precision observed in the place code in the hippocampus is not inconsistent with input from a representation of temporal-spatial context in entorhinal cortex.It has long been believed that the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortical regions, is involved in episodic recall-memory for specific instances from ones' life (e. Keefe & Nadel, 1978;Eichenbaum, Dudchenko, Wood, Shapiro, & Tanila, 1999). Recently Howard et al. (2005) proposed that the temporal context model (TCM, Howard & Kahana, 2002) could provide a framework in which to describe aspects of both episodic recall and the construction and maintenance of a place code. We will review this work briefly here before presenting new results on the reconstruction of spatial position from a representation of temporal context. TCM (Howard & Kahana, 2002;Howard, 2004; Howard, Wingfield, & Kahana, Revised;Howard et al., 2005) provides a set of equations that describe a distributed representation of temporal context as a vector in a high-dimensional space. This model was developed to describe performance in situations in which a list of words are presented for a memory test. In TCM, the state of context at time step i, t i is updated according to where β is a free parameter that controls the rate of change of temporal context. The value of the scalar ρ i is chosen at each time step to keep the context vector of unit length. The context NIH Public Access TCM in episodic recall

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“…Long-term Recency and Buffer Models of Short-term Memory-For many years, the conventional wisdom was that the recency effect in free recall reflected the operation of a short-term memory buffer (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968;Raaijmakers & Shiffrin, 1980). Indeed, detailed search models based on a short-term memory buffer can describe standard free recall in considerable detail (Kahana, 1996;Raaijmakers & Shiffrin, 1980, 1981Sirotin, Kimball, & Kahana, submitted).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, detailed search models based on a short-term memory buffer can describe standard free recall in considerable detail (Kahana, 1996;Raaijmakers & Shiffrin, 1980, 1981Sirotin, Kimball, & Kahana, submitted). The recency effect in immediate free recall is eliminated by a distractor at the end of the list (Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966;Postman & Phillips, 1965), presumably because the distractor removes items from the end of the list from STS.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Temporal Context Model in Spatial Navigation and Relational Learning: Toward a Common Explanation of Medial Temporal Lobe Function Across Domains.

Howard¹,

Fotedar²,

Datey³

et al. 2005

Psychological Review

265

334

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The medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been studied extensively at all levels of analysis, yet its function remains unclear. Theory regarding the cognitive function of the MTL has centered along 3 themes. Different authors have emphasized the role of the MTL in episodic recall, spatial navigation, or relational memory. Starting with the temporal context model (M. W. Howard and M. J. , a distributed memory model that has been applied to benchmark data from episodic recall tasks, the authors propose that the entorhinal cortex supports a gradually changing representation of temporal context and the hippocampus proper enables retrieval of these contextual states. Simulation studies show this hypothesis explains the firing of place cells in the entorhinal cortex and the behavioral effects of hippocampal lesion in relational memory tasks. These results constitute a first step towards a unified computational theory of MTL function that integrates neurophysiological, neuropsychological and cognitive findings.The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is a region that includes the hippocampus proper, the subicular complex and parahippocampal cortical regions, including entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal/postrhinal cortices. A great deal of data from neuropsychology (e.g. Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001;Scoville & Milner, 1957;Squire, 1992) and functional imaging (e.g. Fernandez, Effern, Grunwald, et al., 1999;Stern, Corkin, Gonzalez, et al., 1996;Wagner et al., 1998) has converged on the idea that the MTL is important in learning and memory. In order to bridge the gap between cognition and cellular-level physiology, we need a mechanistic, mesoscopic description of MTL computational function. We already have several successful verbally-formulated theories of the cognitive function of the MTL. These are described in turn in the following subsections. This paper will attempt to draw these multiple verbal theories together into a single computational framework that is consistent with known neurophysiological and neuroanatomical data.

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SAM: A Theory of Probabilistic Search of Associative Memory

Cited by 342 publications

References 30 publications

Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists.

Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists.

Place from time: Reconstructing position from a distributed representation of temporal context

The Temporal Context Model in Spatial Navigation and Relational Learning: Toward a Common Explanation of Medial Temporal Lobe Function Across Domains.

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