Salvianolic Acids for Injection (SAFI) suppresses inflammatory responses in activated microglia to attenuate brain damage in focal cerebral ischemia

Zhuang, Pengwei; Wan, Yong; Geng, Shihan; He, Ying; Feng, Bo; Ye, Zhengliang; Dazheng, Zhou; Li, De-Kun; Wei, Hongjun; Li, Hongyan; Zhang, Yanjun; Ju, Aichun

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.052

Cited by 48 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…When the distal end met resistance, the inserting was stopped and the ICA was ligated with insertion depth measured according to a Koizumi method. After 2 hr of occlusion, the thread was taken away to allow full reperfusion of the ischemic area and then rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MACO) was established (Zhuang et al, ). Rats in the sham group were treated with ICA isolated but without inserting a nylon surgical thread, and rats in the normal group remained untreated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retracted: Protective effects of microRNA‐431 against cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rats by targeting the Rho/Rho‐kinase signaling pathway

Han

Wen

Wang

et al. 2018

Journal Cellular Physiology

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This study investigates the protective effects of miR-431 against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway. SD rats were randomly classified into normal, sham, and model (middle cerebral artery occluded) groups. Rho expression and cerebral infarction were visualized by immunohischemistry and TTC staining, respectively. qRT-PCR and western blotting were used to measure mRNA and protein expression of miR-431 and Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway-related genes. Hippocampal neurons were extracted and assigned into normal, blank, negative control (NC), miR-431 mimics, miR-431 inhibitors, siRNA-Rho, and miR-431 inhibitors + siRNA-Rho groups. Proliferation and apoptosis were detected by MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. Compared with the normal group, the model group showed elevated Rho expression, area of cerebral infarction, and expressions of Rho/Rho-kinase related genes but reduced miR-431 expression. Compared with the blank group, expression of Rho, Rho-kinase α, and Rho-kinase β decreased and miR-431 expression increased in the miR-431 mimics and siRNA-Rho groups, and the tendency reversed in the miR-431 inhibitors group. Enhanced proliferation and inhibited apoptosis were exhibited in the miR-431 mimics and siRNA-Rho groups while results in the miR-431 inhibitors group reversed. Findings obtained from this study indicated that miR-431 confers protection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through negatively regulating the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retracted: Protective effects of microRNA‐431 against cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rats by targeting the Rho/Rho‐kinase signaling pathway

Han

Wen

Wang

et al. 2018

Journal Cellular Physiology

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“…Drugs and reagents SLI, provided by Tianjin Tasly Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd (Tianjin, China), was authenticated and standardized in accordance with the Pharmacopoeia of China 2011. SLI were multiple salvianolic acids, primarily including salvianolic acid B (Sal B) (62.1%), salvianolic acid E (Sal E) (1.8%), lithospermic acid (LA) (3.7%) and rosmarinic acid (RA) (4.5%) [21][22][23] . XST was obtained from Wuzhou Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd (Wuzhou, China).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xueshuantong injection (lyophilized) combined with salvianolate lyophilized injection protects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through attenuation of oxidative stress

Wang

Chai

et al. 2017

Acta Pharmacol Sin

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Salvianolate lyophilized injection (SLI) and Xueshuantong injection (lyophilized) (XST) are two herbal standardized preparations that have been widely used in China for the treatment of acute cerebral infarction. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of SLI combined with XST in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R). Wistar rats were subjected to 1.5 h of MCAO followed by reperfusion for 3 h, then were treated with SLI or XST alone, or with their combinations via tail vein injection daily for 3 d. Edaravone (EDI, 6 mg·kg·d) was used as a positive control drug, We showed that administration of a combination of 1X1S (XST 100 mg·kg·d plus SLI 21 mg·kg·d) more effectively protected the ischemic brains than SLI or XST used alone. Administration of 1X1S not only significantly decreased neurological deficit scores and infarct volumes and increased regional cerebral blood flow, but also inhibited the activation of both microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus. Furthermore, administration of 1X1S significantly decreased the levels of MDA and ROS with concomitant increases in the levels of antioxidant activity (SOD, CAT and GSH) in the brain tissues as compared with SLI and XST used alone. Moreover, administration of 1X1S remarkably upregulated the expression of Nrf-2, HO-1 and NQO-1, and downregulated the expression of Keap1 and facilitated the nuclear translocation of Nrf-2 in the brain tissues as compared with XST used alone. Our study demonstrates that a combination of 1X1S effectively protects MCAO/R injury via suppressing oxidative stress and the Nrf-2/Keap1 pathway.

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“…currently, intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy are the only effective means of treating ischemic stroke (5,6); however, these treatment options are limited by the short-recommended treatment window (6). in addition, a series of reperfusion injuries may occur following ischemic reperfusion (6,7); in particular, inflammation and oxidative stress are the main causes of reperfusion injuries, and the latter can induce the former (6)(7)(8)(9). an increasing amount of evidence has demonstrated that continuous neuroinflammation can damage neurons and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during the process of cerebral infarction, and this in turn results in tissue destruction and worsens the functional outcome (10)(11)(12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulators of microglia activation and polarization in ischemic stroke (Review)

et al. 2020

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ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. However, there is a current lack of effective therapies available. as the resident macrophages of the brain, microglia can monitor the microenvironment and initiate immune responses. in response to various brain injuries, such as ischemic stroke, microglia are activated and polarized into the proinflammatory M1 phenotype or the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. The immunomodulatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, generated by these microglia are closely associated with secondary brain damage or repair, respectively, following ischemic stroke. it has been shown that M1 microglia promote secondary brain damage, whilst M2 microglia facilitate recovery following stroke. in addition, autophagy is also reportedly involved in the pathology of ischemic stroke through regulating the activation and function of microglia. Therefore, this review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of microglia activation, their functions and changes, and the modulators of these processes, including transcription factors, membrane receptors, ion channel proteins and genes, in ischemic stroke. The effects of autophagy on microglia polarization in ischemic stroke were also reviewed. Finally, future research areas of ischemic stroke and the implications of the current knowledge for the development of novel therapeutics for ischemic stroke were identified. Contents 1. introduction 2. Microglia 3. Modulatory mechanisms of microglia polarization 4. autophagy 5. conclusions

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Salvianolic Acids for Injection (SAFI) suppresses inflammatory responses in activated microglia to attenuate brain damage in focal cerebral ischemia

Cited by 48 publications

References 58 publications

Retracted: Protective effects of microRNA‐431 against cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rats by targeting the Rho/Rho‐kinase signaling pathway

Retracted: Protective effects of microRNA‐431 against cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rats by targeting the Rho/Rho‐kinase signaling pathway

Xueshuantong injection (lyophilized) combined with salvianolate lyophilized injection protects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through attenuation of oxidative stress

Modulators of microglia activation and polarization in ischemic stroke (Review)

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