Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia sclarea Essential Oils: Chemical Composition, Biological Activities and Preservative Effects against Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated into Minced Beef Meat

Abstract

In this study, Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia sclarea essential oils (EOs) were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to describe their chemical composition. The obtained results show, for both EOs, a profile rich in terpene metabolites, with monoterpenes predominating sesquiterpenes but with significant qualitative and quantitative differences. The main compound found in the Salvia officinalis EO (SOEO) was camphor (19.0%), while in Salvia sclarea EO (SCEO), it was linalyl acetate (59.3%). Subsequently, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the EOs against eight pathogenic strains was evaluated. The disc diffusion method showed a significant lysis zone against Gram-positive bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 3.7 mg/mL to 11.2 mg/mL, indicating that each EO has specific antimicrobial activity. Both EOs also showed significant antiradical activity against DPPH radicals and total antioxidant activity. In addition, the preservative effect of SOEO (9.2%) and SCEO (9.2%), alone or in combination, was tested in ground beef, and the inhibitory effect against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated into the raw ground beef during cold storage was evaluated. Although the effect of each individual EO improved the biochemical, microbiological, and sensory parameters of the samples, their combination was more effective and showed complete inhibition of L. monocytogenes after 7 days of storage at 4 °C. The results show that both EOs could be used as safe and natural preservatives in various food and/or pharmaceutical products.

Foliar application of various biostimulants produces contrasting response on yield, essential oil and chemical properties of organically grown sage (Salvia officinalis L.)

“…It is well known that the synthesis of secondary metabolites is affected by endogenous and exogenous factors ( Rajabi et al., 2014 ; Ben Akacha et al., 2023 ). Several research report that the application of biostimulants can improve the beneficial qualities of plants by acting as elicitors for secondary metabolites, such as essential oils ( Rahmani Samani et al., 2019 ; The et al., 2021 ; Ciriello et al., 2024 ).…”

Chemometric Analysis Evidencing the Variability in the Composition of Essential Oils in 10 Salvia Species from Different Taxonomic Sections or Phylogenetic Clades

“…Previous studies have been carried out in the S. sclarea EO from Egypt [43], France [44], Germany [45], Greece [46][47][48][49], Iran [18,50,51], Italy [52][53][54][55], Lebanon [56], Poland [57], Serbia [24,58], Slovakia [59], Spain [25], Uruguay [15], Tajikistan [60], Turkey [28,61,62], and Uzbekistan [63,64] (Supplementary Materials Table S2). Linalool and linalyl acetate were reported as the most characteristic and dominant volatiles of clary sage oil, ranging between 6.5-24.0% and 56.0-78.0%, respectively, while the amount of sclareol varied from 0.4% to 2.6% [48].…”

Mixture design of α‐pinene, α‐terpineol, and 1,8‐cineole: A multiobjective response followed by chemometric approaches to optimize the antibacterial effect against various bacteria and antioxidant activity

“…The development of antibiotic resistance in foodborne zoonotic bacteria is due to the massive global use of antibiotics in livestock production (Manyi‐Loh et al., 2018 ). The search for natural antibiotics has become fundamental for human health, and essential oils (EOs) represent an inexhaustible source of countless compounds with biological activity (Ben Akacha et al., 2022 ; Ben Akacha, Ben Hsouna, et al., 2023 ; Ben Hsouna, Boye, Akacha, et al., 2022 ; Ben Hsouna, Hfaiedh, Ben Slima, et al., 2022 ; Bouteraa et al., 2023 ). EOs play an important role in plants, acting as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and insecticidal agents and protecting plants from predators and pests (Akacha et al., 2022 ; Ben Hsouna et al., 2013 ; Ben Hsouna et al., 2014 ; Castilho et al., 2012 ).…”

“…Natural‐origin compounds have multiple advantages. The simultaneous antibacterial and antioxidant action allows for the resolution of numerous issues, including antibiotic resistance and the damaging consequences of oxidative stress (Akacha et al., 2022 ; Ben Akacha, Ben Hsouna, et al., 2023 ; Ben Akacha, Garzoli, et al., 2023 ; Ben Akacha, Michalak, et al., 2023 ; Ben Hsouna et al., 2023 ; Ben Hsouna, Hfaiedh, Ben Slima, et al., 2022 ).…”