Salvia elegans, Salvia greggii and Salvia officinalis Decoctions: Antioxidant Activities and Inhibition of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolic Enzymes

Abstract

Salvia elegans Vahl., Salvia greggii A. Gray, and Salvia officinalis L. decoctions were investigated for their health-benefit properties, in particular with respect to antioxidant activity and inhibitory ability towards key enzymes with impact in diabetes and obesity (α-glucosidase, α-amylase and pancreatic lipase). Additionally, the phenolic profiles of the three decoctions were determined and correlated with the beneficial properties. The S. elegans decoction was the most promising in regard to the antioxidant effects, namely in the scavenging capacity of the free radicals DPPH•, NO• and O2•–, and the ability to reduce Fe3+, as well as the most effective inhibitor of α-glucosidase (EC50 = 36.0 ± 2.7 μg/mL vs. EC50 = 345.3 ± 6.4 μg/mL and 71.2 ± 5.0 μg/mL for S. greggii and S. officinalis, respectively). This superior activity of the S. elegans decoction over those of S. greggii and S. officinalis was, overall, highly correlated with its richness in caffeic acid and derivatives. In turn, the S. officinalis decoction exhibited good inhibitory capacity against xanthine oxidase activity, a fact that could be associated with its high content of flavones, in particular the glycosidic forms of apigenin, scutellarein and luteolin.

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“…The O 2 •− scavenging method was carried out according to the method described by Pereira et al [ 67 ]. Briefly, in a 96-well plate, 75 µL of six different sample concentrations (0.0–2.0 mg/mL) were mixed with 100 µL of β-NADH (300 µM), 75 µL of NBT (200 µM) and 50 µL of PMS (15 µM).…”

“…Inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity was carried out following the method described by Pereira et al [ 67 ], with slight modifications. Briefly, in a 96-well plate, 40 µL of sample (0–2 mg/mL) was mixed with 45 µL of sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.5) and 40 µL of enzyme (5 mU/mL).…”

“…From this gel filtration, nine fractions were recovered (F1-267.9 mg, F2-30.8 mg, F3-82.3 mg, F4-10.1 mg, F5-10.1 mg, F6-9.4 mg, F7-72.1 mg, F8-40.5 mg and F9-9.0 mg), and the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure prior to lyophilization and storage at −20 °C . Inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity was carried out following the method described by Pereira et al [67], with slight modifications. Briefly, in a 96-well plate, 40 µL of sample (0-2 mg/mL) was mixed with 45 µL of sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.5) and 40 µL of enzyme (5 mU/mL).…”

“…The NO • scavenging method was adapted from Pereira et al [67]. Briefly, 100 µL of six different sample concentrations (0-1 mg/mL) were mixed with 100 µL of sodium nitroprusside (3.33 mM in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4) and incubated for 15 min under a fluorescent lamp (Tryun 26 W).…”

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“…In turn, the S. officinalis decoction exhibited considerable inhibitory capacity against xanthine oxidase activity. This fact could be ascribed to its high content of flavones, in particular, the glycosidic forms of apigenin, scutellarein, and luteolin [15].…”