Salt vulnerability assessment methodology for municipal supply wells

Betts, Andrew; Gharabaghi, Bahram; McBean, Edward A.; Levison, Jana; Parker, Beth L.

doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.11.004

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It is clear that substantial quantities of road salt can infiltrate the deep groundwater, threatening drinking water supplies (Schalk and Stasulis, 2012; Betts et al, 2015), and that it may take decades or more for the salt currently in groundwater to flush out should road salt use be curtailed or eliminated (Kelly et al, 2008; Novotny and Stefan, 2010; Betts et al, 2015; Gutchess et al, 2016). Our results indicate that groundwater sodium and chloride concentrations are not evenly distributed and are affected by specific landscape characteristics (Table 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since those early discoveries of road salt in groundwater, studies have indicated that the total mass of road salt that infiltrates and accumulates in groundwater is substantial (Kelly et al, 2008; Novotny et al, 2009; Ostendorf, 2013; Perera et al, 2013) and may take decades to reach a steady state (Kelly et al, 2008; Novotny and Stefan, 2010; Gutchess et al, 2016). The realization that concentrations may continue to rise even if road salt use is curtailed has caused municipalities to worry that sodium and chloride concentrations in drinking water may reach levels unfit for human consumption (Betts et al, 2015). …”

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confidence: 99%

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The Distribution of Road Salt in Private Drinking Water Wells in a Southeastern New York Suburban Township

et al. 2018

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We used a GIS analysis of sodium and chloride concentrations in private water wells in a southeastern New York township to describe the pattern of distribution of road salt in aquifers tapped for drinking water. The primary source of road salt was sodium chloride, and sodium and chloride concentrations were significantly correlated ( = 0.80, < 0.01). Chloride concentrations in wells increased as the percentage of impervious surface cover (ISC) within a 250-m radius around wells increased ( = 0.87, < 0.01) and declined with increasing distance to the nearest road ( = 0.76, < 0.01). Wells that were located lower in elevation than the nearest road had higher concentrations of chloride than wells that were higher than the nearest road, but this occurred only when the nearest road was >30 m from the wells ( < 0.01). Chloride concentrations were not affected by well depth or adjacent road type (major or minor roads). Surface geology and hydrologic soil class had significant effects ( < 0.01) on chloride concentrations in wells, with porous surface geology types and well-drained soils having higher concentrations; these effects may be confounded by the fact that ISC was more likely to occur on these permeable surface geology and soil types. Hot and cold spot analysis revealed substantial unevenness in chloride concentrations. Results for sodium were similar to those for chloride. Overall, these results indicate that road salt contamination of groundwater is unevenly distributed and is affected by landscape factors that can be used to guide well testing and best management practices of deicing salt distribution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The Distribution of Road Salt in Private Drinking Water Wells in a Southeastern New York Suburban Township

et al. 2018

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“…An understanding of precipitation variability is also needed for flood and drought preparedness planning. There is a need to better understand the spatial and temporal variability in precipitation to more accurately model the hydrologic system and the health of aquatic life (Perera et al 2009;Perera et al 2010;Perera et al 2013;Betts et al 2014;Betts et al 2015;Sabouri et al 2013;Gazendam et al 2016). Parameters that represent this variability may be important factors to include in modeling studies (Vasiljevic et al 2012;Rudra et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Precipitation using Entropy Theory

Atieh

Rudra

Gharabaghi

et al. 2017

JWMM

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This study uses entropy theory to develop a novel application of the apportionment entropy disorder index (AEDI) to capture both spatial and temporal variability in monthly precipitation for various types of hydrologic modeling. In total, 41 Environment Canada stations across Ontario with long term (1955 to 2005) records and a very low percentage of missing data were selected. It was found that the fall and summer seasons are the major contributors to annual precipitation variability. Spatial variability of annual precipitation was observed to be increasing from southern to northern Ontario. The AEDI index map of Ontario, developed in this study, has been successfully integrated into several hydrologic models.

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“…In addition, lower dissolved oxygen concentrations and increased rates of exertion of biological oxygen demand may be observed at higher stream temperatures. Moreover, the global climate warming trends exacerbate these concerns for cool and cold water Species at Risk (Betts et al, , ; Asnaashari et al, ; Sabouri et al, ,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban stormwater thermal gene expression models for protection of sensitive receiving streams

Sattar

Gharabaghi

Sabouri

et al. 2017

Hydrological Processes

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Thermal impact of typical high-density residential, industrial, and commercial land uses is a major concern for the health of aquatic life in urban watersheds, especially in smaller, cold, and coolwater streams. This is the first study of its kind that provides simple easy-to-use equations, developed using gene expression programming (GEP) that can guide the assessment and the design of urban stormwater management systems to protect thermally sensitive receiving streams. We developed 3 GEP models using data collected during 3 years (2009-2011) from 4 urban catchments; the first GEP model predicts event mean temperature at the inlet of the pond; the second model predicts the stormwater temperature at the outlet of the pond; and the third model predicts the temperature of the stormwater after flowing through a cooling trench and before discharging to the receiving stream. The new models have high correlation coefficients of 0.90-0.94 and low prediction uncertainty of less than 4% of the median value of the predicted runoff temperatures. Sensitivity analysis shows that climatic factors have the highest influence on the thermal enrichment followed by the catchment characteristics and the key design variables of the stormwater pond and the cooling trench. The general method presented here is easily transferable to other regions of the world (but not necessarily the exact equations developed here); also through sensitivity and parametric analysis, we gained insight on the key factors and their relative importance in modelling thermal enrichment of urban stromwater runoff.

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Salt vulnerability assessment methodology for municipal supply wells

Cited by 18 publications

References 29 publications

The Distribution of Road Salt in Private Drinking Water Wells in a Southeastern New York Suburban Township

The Distribution of Road Salt in Private Drinking Water Wells in a Southeastern New York Suburban Township

Investigating the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Precipitation using Entropy Theory

Urban stormwater thermal gene expression models for protection of sensitive receiving streams

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