Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors and Their Relationship with 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Chinese Adults

Fan, Fang; Li, Yinghua; Li, Li; Nie, Xueqiong; Zhang, Puhong; Li, Yuan; Luo, Rong; Zhang, Gang; Wang, Lanlan; He, Feng J

doi:10.3390/nu14204404

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In Hunan, over 80% of college students surveyed reported dining outside of the school cafeteria at least once per week, with nearly half opting for takeout. These findings align with similar studies conducted by Fan [ 52 ] and Adams [ 53 ]. Among Chinese college students, dining out and takeaway are becoming more and more popular due to the popularity of electronic delivery platforms, the rapid increase in delivery efficiency, convenience, and low price [ 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Despite the comprehensive evaluation of dietary sodium intake among Chinese college students, the current study did not find an association between the habit of adding salt to meals and sodium intake due to a limited number of individuals who reported this behavior [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. The decision to add salt to meals is typically driven by personal preference [ 65 ] and habitual salt intake [ 66 ], and it is more prevalent in Western countries [ 67 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

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Association between Eating Habits and Sodium Intake among Chinese University Students

Huo

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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(1) Background: Insufficient evidence exists regarding the dietary habits that may contribute to high sodium intake among college students in China. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the dietary sodium intake of college students in Hunan and its association with their dietary habits. (2) Methods: In total, 585 university students from Hunan were recruited for this study. The sodium Food Frequency Questionnaire (sodium-FFQ) and dietary habits were assessed. (3) Results: Excluding cooking salt and high-sodium seasonings, the daily dietary sodium intake among college students in Changsha, Hunan Province, was 1183.74 (563.38, 2054.86) mg/day. A vast majority (89%) of college students reported eating outside of school at least once a week, and approximately one-third (34%) ordered takeaways at least once a week. After adjusting for confounding factors, the associations between the frequency of eating out and ordering takeaways with college students’ sodium intake remained significant. (4) Conclusions: The findings indicate that excessive dietary sodium intake among college students in Hunan is a growing concern. College students who frequently eat out and order takeaways tend to have a higher sodium intake. Future research should focus on identifying the main sources of dietary sodium and developing interventions that promote healthy dietary habits among college students.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Association between Eating Habits and Sodium Intake among Chinese University Students

Huo

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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“…Despite that daytime and nighttime ambulatory blood pressure changes were secondary outcomes, the slightly greater reduction in daytime but not nighttime diastolic blood pressure in the amlodipine/benazepril group than in the benazepril/hydrochlorothiazide group is noteworthy. There is abundant evidence that the Chinese have high salt intake [ 24 , 25 ] and high nighttime blood pressure [ 26 – 29 ]. Diastolic blood pressure, especially on nighttime ambulatory monitoring, is dependent on sodium intake and salt sensitivity [ 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of two single-pill dual combination antihypertensive therapies in Chinese patients: a randomized, controlled trial

Huang,

Zhang,

Luo

et al. 2024

BMC Med

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Background Current hypertension guidelines recommend combination of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker with a calcium-channel blocker or thiazide diuretic as initial antihypertensive therapy in patients with monotherapy uncontrolled hypertension. However, to what extent these two different combinations are comparable in blood pressure (BP)-lowering efficacy and safety remains under investigation, especially in the Chinese population. We investigated the BP-lowering efficacy and safety of the amlodipine/benazepril and benazepril/hydrochlorothiazide dual therapies in Chinese patients. Methods In a multi-center, randomized, actively controlled, parallel-group trial, we enrolled patients with stage 1 or 2 hypertension from July 2018 to June 2021 in 20 hospitals and community health centers across China. Of the 894 screened patients, 560 eligible patients were randomly assigned to amlodipine/benazepril 5/10 mg (n = 282) or benazepril/hydrochlorothiazide 10/12.5 mg (n = 278), with 213 and 212 patients, respectively, who completed the study and had a valid repeat ambulatory BP recording during follow-up and were included in the efficacy analysis. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 24 weeks of treatment in 24-h ambulatory systolic BP. Adverse events including symptoms and clinically significant changes in physical examinations and laboratory findings were recorded for safety analysis. Results In the efficacy analysis (n = 425), the primary outcome, 24-h ambulatory systolic BP reduction, was − 13.8 ± 1.2 mmHg in the amlodipine/benazepril group and − 12.3 ± 1.2 mmHg in the benazepril/hydrochlorothiazide group, with a between-group difference of − 1.51 (p = 0.36) mmHg. The between-group differences for major secondary outcomes were − 1.47 (p = 0.18) in 24-h diastolic BP, − 2.86 (p = 0.13) and − 2.74 (p = 0.03) in daytime systolic and diastolic BP, and − 0.45 (p = 0.82) and − 0.93 (p = 0.44) in nighttime systolic and diastolic BP. In the safety analysis (n = 560), the incidence rate of dry cough was significantly lower in the amlodipine/benazepril group than in the benazepril/hydrochlorothiazide group (5.3% vs 10.1%, p = 0.04). Conclusions The amlodipine/benazepril and benazepril/hydrochlorothiazide dual therapies were comparable in ambulatory systolic BP lowering. The former combination, compared with the latter, had a greater BP-lowering effect in the daytime and a lower incidence rate of dry cough. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03682692. Registered on 18 September 2018.

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“…To solve the problem of excess salt, the Chinese government has introduced a series of policies focusing on salt reduction. In the “Healthy China 2030” action plan, the government has set a goal of reducing salt intake by 20% by 2030 ( 22 , 23 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt reduction behavior of adults in Anhui province in 2019: a cross-sectional survey of 3,378 participants

Xing,

Zhao,

Sam

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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ObjectiveA high-sodium diet is an important risk factor for hypertension in the Chinese population, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Although a large number of related studies have been carried out in Anhui province, clear, effective salt reduction interventions and policies that can be widely promoted have not yet been formed. This study sought to understand the prevalence and precise measures of salt reduction behavior, the variables affecting salt reduction behavior, and the reasons why salt reduction behavior was not practiced in Anhui Province, China.MethodsThe total number of participants in the study was 3,378. Using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, residents between the ages of 18 and 69 years in 10 counties and districts were selected from March to October 2019. A survey questionnaire and physical measurements were given to each participant. The influencing factors of residents' salt reduction behavior were examined using a multi-factor unconditional logistic regression analysis. The chi-squared (χ2) test was used to analyze the implementation of salt reduction behaviors among different age groups and gender, the factors influencing the implementation of salt reduction measures, and the reasons for not implementing salt reduction measures.ResultsA history of hypertension was associated with salt reduction strategies (P = 0.014). Patients with hypertension were more likely to adopt salt reduction behaviors than those without hypertension (OR = 1.218, P = 0.040). The influence of eating out on the adoption of salt-reduction measures varied by age group (χ2 = 50.463, P < 0.001) and gender (χ2 = 81.348, P < 0.001).ConclusionIn summary, residents of the Anhui Province are not very knowledgeable about salt reduction. Age, gender, education level, hypertension, and marital status are the main determinants. Our findings have significant implications for policymakers who want to devise salt reduction strategies.

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Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors and Their Relationship with 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Chinese Adults

Cited by 11 publications

References 39 publications

Association between Eating Habits and Sodium Intake among Chinese University Students

Association between Eating Habits and Sodium Intake among Chinese University Students

Comparison of two single-pill dual combination antihypertensive therapies in Chinese patients: a randomized, controlled trial

Salt reduction behavior of adults in Anhui province in 2019: a cross-sectional survey of 3,378 participants

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