Salt Marsh Spartinas and Associated Algae

Blum, John L.

doi:10.2307/1942428

Cited by 68 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…At the lowest end of its tidal range along the depressed borders of tidal creeks and bay edges, tall-form S. alterniflora grows with culms reaching heights well >2 m (Adams 1963, Blum 1968. It is thought that greater tidal subsidy of nutrients and more oxygenated soils contribute to the robust structure of plants in these habitats (Adams 1963, Blum 1968, Redfield 1972, Bertness & Ellison 1987. Along tidal creeks, culms grow in reduced densities (~250/m 2 ), and thatch rarely accumulates because it is quickly washed away by retreating tides (Denno & Grissell 1979).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First and foremost, the degree and frequency of tidal flooding increases with a decrease in elevation (Denno 1977, Bertness & Ellison 1987. Second, grass architecture changes along this elevational gradient; the amount of thatch (litter) and density of culms increase with elevation, whereas grass height decreases (Blum 1968, Redfield 1972, Denno 1977. Each of these environmental variables may influence the composition and structure of the spider communities in the various Spartina habitats.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Spider (Araneae) Community Structure in an Intertidal Salt Marsh: Effects of Vegetation Structure and Tidal Flooding

Döbel

Denno

Coddington

1990

Environmental Entomology

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The effects of vegetation structure and tidal flooding on the organization of a spider community were studied along an elevational gradient in an intertidal marsh. High marsh habitats were dominated by the grass Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., a species characterized by a low, matted profile and a complex layer of thatch. Another grass, Spartina alterniftora Lois., is more upright in structure, has a poorly developed thatch layer, and abounds in habitats that extend from the high marsh to much lower elevations. Along this elevational gradient, the structure of S. alterniftora changes from a short form on the high marsh to a tall form on the low marsh, and the frequency and duration of tidal flooding increases. Although more robust in structure during the summer months, the tall-form habitat of S. alterniftora is selectively destroyed and defaunated during the winter by shifting ice and storms and must be recolonized by spiders every spring from the more protected overwintering short-form habitat of S. alterniftora on the high marsh. In all, 21 species of resident spiders were sampled from the two grasses. The community of spiders in S. patens was less diverse than in S. alterniftora and consisted mostly of hunting spiders (Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae, Philodromidae, and Salticidae), which were more abundant in this low-profile grass. Web-building spiders (Dictynidae, Linyphiidae, Araneidae, and Tetragnathidae), which were rare in S. patens, occurred commonly in the more uprightstructured S. alterniftora because of the abundance of sites for web attachment. Down the elevational gradient from short-form to tall-form S. alterniftora, the abundance of most hunting spiders and several web-building species decreased and was associated with an increase in the frequency and duration of tidal flooding. Winter defaunation of tall-form S. alterniftora contributed further to the depauperate spider community in this low marsh habitat. Thus, vegetation structure and elevational factors act in concert to influence the distribution, abundance, and community structure of spiders in intertidal marshes.KEY WORDS Arachnida, Spartina architecture, spider community structure, tidal flooding THE STRUCTURE of spider communities in natural gations on the diversity and structure of spider as well as agricultural ecosystems has received concommunities have been conducted in marshes along siderable attention (e.g

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spider (Araneae) Community Structure in an Intertidal Salt Marsh: Effects of Vegetation Structure and Tidal Flooding

Döbel

Denno

Coddington

1990

Environmental Entomology

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“…Notwithstanding some ancient etymological roots, 2 the concept of resilience chiefly emerged in modern day research concerned with how ecological systems cope with stresses or disturbances caused by external factors (see Errington 1953;Blum 1968;Holling 1973), but has more recently been applied to human social systems (Manyena 2006), economic recovery (Rose 2004), engineering (Hollnagel et al 2006;Madni and Jackson 2009;Hollnagel 2013) and urban planning and recovery after calamitous events (Vale and Campanella 2005). Coaffee (2008) argued that there are three key dimensions which differentiate resilience from traditional notions of disaster planning and recovery.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Built-in resilience through disaster risk reduction: operational issues

Bosher

2013

Building Research & Information

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It has been argued that the broad range of people responsible for the delivery, operation and maintenance of the built environment need to become more proactively involved in making the built environment resilient to a wide range of known and unforeseen hazards and threats. Accordingly, the (actual and potential) roles of a wide range of stakeholders associated with the integration of Disaster Risk Reduction into the (re-)development of the built environment are examined. A review of literature, government data and interviews with key stakeholders in England, highlights that despite regulatory intentions to increase local resilience through the use of public and private sector stakeholders, a number of structural and operational obstacles exist. A range of strategies can be employed to overcome these obstacles: revisions to building codes, tightening planning policy, improving professional training, clarifying roles and missions, enabling complementary bottom-up and top-down approaches, and the provision of good practice guidance about the broad range of structural and non-structural risk reduction measures. Many of the operational challenges are non-structural and require a coherent, overarching strategy: changing and aligning the social understandings and practices in civil society, government and building environment stakeholders.

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“…These types of canopies have a greater shading effect than vertical canopies of, for example, S. alterniflora (Blum 1968). They are also more likely to trap detached plant material than vertical canoples (Borey et al 1983), in turn, facilitating decomposition within the marsh rather than in the adjoining estuary.…”

Section: Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic carbon fluxes between a high marsh and estuary, and the inapplicability of the Outwelling Hypothesis

Taylor¹,

Allanson²

1995

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Tidal fluxes of total (TOC), dissolved (DOC) and suspended particulate (POC) organic carbon were measured between a high, Sarcocornia-Chenolea salt marsh and Kariega estuary, South Africa. Fluxes were measured over 42 tides, through four (7 to 14 d) sampling periods. The marsh showed an annual export of TOC of + l 6 g C m-2 yr.', with 80% of this occurring in dissolved form. The export was equivalent to 6% of the aerial macrophyte production of the marsh. In both absolute terms, and relative to macrophyte production, the fluxes were simllar to those reported for hlgh elevation, Spartina patens and Distichlis spicata marshes on the east coast of the USA. They were, however, an order of magnitude smaller than for most low, Spartina dlterniflora marshes. A carbon budget developed for the Kariega marsh showed that respiration (mainly by the sediments and to a lesser extent by resident crabs) accounted for 7 0 % of marsh production, leaving 30% for burial or export to the estuary. We speculate that the small export was a funct~on of the high elevation of the marsh, and that the Outwelling Hypothesis may be less applicable to high than low marshes.

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Salt Marsh Spartinas and Associated Algae

Cited by 68 publications

References 25 publications

Spider (Araneae) Community Structure in an Intertidal Salt Marsh: Effects of Vegetation Structure and Tidal Flooding

Spider (Araneae) Community Structure in an Intertidal Salt Marsh: Effects of Vegetation Structure and Tidal Flooding

Built-in resilience through disaster risk reduction: operational issues

Organic carbon fluxes between a high marsh and estuary, and the inapplicability of the Outwelling Hypothesis

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