Salt loading has a more deleterious effect on flow-mediated dilation in salt-resistant men than women

Lennon-Edwards, Shannon; Ramick, Meghan G.; Matthews, Evan L.; Michael, Brian; Farquhar, William B.; Edwards, David G.

doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.05.004

Cited by 43 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Third, while the difference in sex distribution between the African American and Caucasian cohorts was not statistically significant, we recognize it could be meaningful. However, one might speculate the proportion of females in the African American cohort would lead to less BP responsiveness, as we have previously shown females are less susceptible to endothelial dysfunction following high dietary salt ( Lennon-Edwards et al, 2014 ) and females demonstrate less salt sensitivity compared to male counterparts ( Bursztyn and Ben-Dov, 2013 ; Elijovich et al, 2016 ). Nonetheless, we observed greater BP responses for a given increase in serum sodium in the African American cohort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Acute NaCl Loading Reveals a Higher Blood Pressure for a Given Serum Sodium Level in African American Compared to Caucasian Adults

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose: African American individuals are more prone to salt-sensitive hypertension than Caucasian individuals. Small changes in serum sodium (Na+) result in increased blood pressure (BP). However, it remains unclear if there are racial differences in BP responsiveness to increases in serum Na+. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine if African American adults have altered BP responsiveness to acute changes in serum Na+ compared to Caucasian adults.Methods: We measured beat-by-beat BP, serum Na+, plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (Ang II), and aldosterone (Aldo) during a 60-min 3% NaCl infusion (hypertonic saline infusion, HSI) in 39 participants (19 African Americans, age: 23 ± 1, 20 Caucasians, age: 25 ± 1). Data reported as African American vs. Caucasian cohort, mean ± SEM.Results: Baseline BP and serum Na+ were similar between groups and increased during HSI in both African American and Caucasian participants (p < 0.01). However, the peak change in serum Na+ was greater in African American participants (Δ5.8 ± 0.34 vs. Δ4.85 ± 0.38 mmol/L, p = 0.03). There was a significant group effect (p = 0.02) and an interaction between race and serum Na+ on systolic BP (p = 0.02). Larger categorical changes in serum Na+ corresponded to changes in systolic BP (p < 0.01) and African American participants demonstrated greater systolic BP responses for a given categorical serum Na+ increase (p < 0.01). Baseline Aldo was lower in African American adults (7.2 ± 0.6 vs. 12.0 ± 1.9 ng/dL, p = 0.03), there was a trend for lower baseline PRA (0.59 ± 0.9 vs. 1.28 ± 0.34 ng/mL/h, p = 0.07), and baseline Ang II was not different (14.2 ± 1.8 vs. 18.5 ± 1.4 pg/mL, p = 0.17). PRA and Aldo decreased during the HSI (p ≤ 0.01), with a greater decline in PRA (Δ–0.31 ± 0.07 vs. Δ–0.85 ± 0.25 ng/mL/h, p < 0.01) and Aldo (Δ–2.5 ± 0.5 vs. Δ–5.0 ± 1.1 ng/dL, p < 0.01) in Caucasian participants. However, the racial difference in PRA (p = 0.57) and Aldo (p = 0.59) reduction were no longer significant following baseline covariate analysis. Conclusion: African American individuals demonstrate augmented serum Na+ to an acute hypertonic saline load and greater systolic BP responsiveness to a given serum Na+. The altered BP response may be attributable to lower basal PRA and Aldo and a subsequently blunted RAAS response during the HSI.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Acute NaCl Loading Reveals a Higher Blood Pressure for a Given Serum Sodium Level in African American Compared to Caucasian Adults

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In a study of two groups of men and women who followed either a low salt or high salt diet for 5 days, the NO component of the forearm blood flow response to Ach was reduced in the group of men who consumed the high salt diet compared to the group that consumed the low salt diet whereas there was no difference between the 2 groups of women (40). More recently, 7 days of high salt reduced FMD in both normotensive salt resistant men and women however FMD was lower in the men compared to women on the high salt diet (41). These two studies suggest a potentially greater sensitivity of the vasculature to high salt in men.…”

Section: Dietary Salt and Endothelial Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular effects of dietary salt

Edwards

Farquhar

2015

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose of review High dietary salt intake is detrimental in hypertensive and/or salt sensitive individuals, however there are a large number of normotensive salt resistant individuals for whom dietary salt may also be harmful as a result of salt's blood pressure independent effects. This review will focus on the growing evidence that salt has adverse effects on the vasculature independent of blood pressure. Recent findings Data from both animal and human studies provide evidence that salt impairs endothelial function and increases arterial stiffness independent of blood pressure. High dietary salt results in oxidative stress and increased endothelial cell stiffness which impair endothelial function whereas transforming growth factor beta promotes increased arterial stiffness in the presence of endothelial dysfunction. Summary Health Policies and most clinical research are focused on the adverse effects of dietary salt on blood pressure however there is an increasing body of evidence to support a deleterious effect of dietary salt on endothelial function and arterial stiffness independent of blood pressure. Endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness are predictors of cardiovascular disease, therefore reducing excess dietary salt should be considered important for overall vascular health in addition to blood pressure.

show abstract

“…Potassium is notable for its BP lowering effects in those with pre-hypertension and hypertension and in the presence of an elevated sodium intake [2,5,28]. Our group has previously demonstrated that a high sodium diet has BP independent effects on endothelial function [12,13]. What remained unknown however, was whether potassium could attenuate the effects of dietary sodium in the absence of a change in BP in salt-resistant adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, salt-sensitive rodents supplemented with potassium while consuming a high salt chow were protected against vascular injury [10] and had improved left ventricular relaxation as assessed by echocardiography [11]. We have previously shown that chronic high dietary sodium intake has detrimental effects on the vasculature, independent of or before any changes in BP in salt-resistant adults [12,13]. To date, studies that have evaluated the role of potassium on sodium have been acute and focused on the post-prandial changes in endothelial function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Potassium Attenuates the Effects of Dietary Sodium on Vascular Function in Salt-Resistant Adults

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The influence of dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure (BP) has been extensively studied, however their impact on endothelial function, particularly any interactive effects, has received less attention. The purpose of this study was to determine if dietary potassium can offset the deleterious effect of high dietary sodium on endothelial function independent of BP. Thirty-three adults with salt-resistant BP (16 M and 17 F; 27 ± 1 year) completed seven days each of the following diets in a random order: a moderate potassium/low sodium diet (65 mmol potassium/50 mmol sodium; MK/LS), a moderate potassium/high sodium diet (65mmol potassium/300 mmol sodium; MK/HS) and a high potassium/high sodium (120 mmol potassium/300 mmol sodium; HK/HS). On day seven of each diet, 24-h ambulatory BP and a urine collection were performed. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured in response to reactive hyperemia. Between diets, 24-h BP was unchanged confirming salt resistance (p > 0.05). Sodium excretion increased on both HS diets compared to MK/LS (p < 0.05) and potassium excretion was increased on the HK diet compared to MK/LS and MK/HS (p < 0.05) confirming diet compliance. FMD was lower in MK/HS (5.4 ± 0.5%) compared to MK/LS (6.7 ± 0.5%; p < 0.05) and HK/HS (6.4 ± 0.5%), while there was no difference between the MK/LS and HK/HS diets (p > 0.05). These data suggest that dietary potassium provides vascular protection against the deleterious effects of high dietary sodium by restoring conduit artery function.

show abstract

Salt loading has a more deleterious effect on flow-mediated dilation in salt-resistant men than women

Cited by 43 publications

References 31 publications

Acute NaCl Loading Reveals a Higher Blood Pressure for a Given Serum Sodium Level in African American Compared to Caucasian Adults

Acute NaCl Loading Reveals a Higher Blood Pressure for a Given Serum Sodium Level in African American Compared to Caucasian Adults

Vascular effects of dietary salt

Dietary Potassium Attenuates the Effects of Dietary Sodium on Vascular Function in Salt-Resistant Adults

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About