Salt intake assessed by three-days’ 24-hour urine in relation to intestinal microbiota and metabolites in Chinese boarding school children and adolescents

Abstract

Background More and more studies have shown that high salt intake changed intestinal microbiota and host metabolites. However, no studies have explored the association of a high-salt diet with intestinal microbiota and metabolites in children and adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to explore the relationship between salt intake and intestinal microbiota and host metabolites in Chinese boarding school children and adolescents based on 24-h urinary sodium excretion over three consecutive days. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in three boarding schools, from September to October 2021. In 153 children, we analyzed the diversity of intestinal microbiota as well as microbiota composition in normal salt (salt intake < 5.8 g/day) diet and a high salt diet (salt intake ≥ 5.8 g/day) and used linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis to find differential bacterial taxa. Subsequently, we explored the association of salt intake with fecal metabolites and 24-h urinary metabolites in the subgroup analysis. Results The high salt diet was associated with decreased diversity and increased abundance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria that have been linked to metabolic syndromes risk factors, such as Prevotella and Lachnospira (P < 0.05). High salt intake was associated with concentrations of several fecal metabolites, including Isobutyric acid and 2-Furoic acid, and several urinary metabolites such as Proline and Pentadecanoic acid in comparison with the normal salt diet. In addition, these metabolites also showed some correlation with differences in intestinal microbiota due to different salt intake levels. Conclusions Our findings show that the level of salt intake is associated with the intestinal microbiota and host metabolites in children and adolescents, thus providing some basis for explaining the pathogenesis of a high salt diet affecting human health and filling gaps in this area of research in children.

Effect of dynamic stratified potassium supplementation in elderly patients with chronic heart failure and moderate to severe hypokalaemia—a randomised, controlled trial

“…This abnormality is caused in part by elevated aldosterone concentrations after neurohormonal activation, inappropriate use of diuretics, and modern high-sodium diets. [1][2][3] The prevalence of hypokalaemia varies between 19% and 54% in patients with heart failure. 4 A serum potassium concentration <4 mmol/L is related to an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia in patients with heart failure and may be associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with CHF.…”