Salt intake among Iranian population

Rezaei, Shahabeddin; Mahmoudi, Zohreh; Sheidaei, Ali; Aryan, Zahra; Mahmoudi, Negar; Gohari, Kimiya; Yoosefi, Moein; Hajipour, Mohammad Javad; Dilmaghani‐Marand, Arezou; Soleimanzadehkhayat, Mojdeh; Gholami, Ali; Samiee, Siamak Mirab; Moradi, Ghobad; Larijani, Bagher; Farzadfar, Farshad

doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001836

Cited by 64 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The findings of the quantitative survey showed that the mean daily salt intake among the participants was 14 ± 3.52 g/day. The first national report of salt intake in Iran demonstrated that Iranians receive an average of 9.52 g of salt per day (8). Studies in different provinces of Iran showed that the mean daily salt intake is higher than the recommended amount of the WHO.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Social Marketing to Reduce Salt Intake in Iran

Layeghiasl

Malekzadeh

Shams

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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Objectives: WHO has recommended that the average salt intake must be <5 grams per day. However, people consume salt much more in many countries. In this study, we design and implement an intervention based on social marketing model to reduce salt consumption in Yasuj, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with control group design which consisted of a formative research (qualitative-quantitative) and an interventional phase. To collect the qualitative data, six focus group discussions by participating of 66 people were established. The qualitative data were analyzed manually using directed content analysis. In quantitative study, 166 people aged 25-50 years completed a KAP questionnaire, and their average salt intake was determined through measuring sodium in their urine sample. By analyzing the data, marketing mix components were determined for designing an intervention. An educational package (including posters for installing in the kitchen, pamphlets, phone counseling, four educational classes, and brief interventions done by physicians and other health personnel) focused on reducing salt intake and using alternatives was developed. For one month, program was implemented for intervention group. Two months later, KAP survey and measuring the urine sodium were repeated for intervention and control groups. The data was compared for two groups, before and after the intervention by using independent t-test, paired t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The qualitative findings showed that most participants agreed that the salt intake was high in Iran. Most of them recommended home-based and family-driven strategies to reduce salt intake, offered using healthier alternatives for salt, and recognized physicians and health care providers in healthcare facilities as the most important to encourage people to reduce salt intake. After the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of KAP were improved significantly in intervention group. The mean salt intake decreased significantly by 3.01 ± 2.38 in the intervention group and repeated measures ANOVA showed significant change over time (P < 0.001) and a significant difference between two groups (P = 0.04). Also, the interaction between time and group was significant (P = 0.001). Layeghiasl et al. Social Marketing to Reduce Salt Intake Conclusion: The mean salt intake among the study population was approximately three times more than the level recommended by the WHO. The social marketing-based intervention succeeded in reducing the salt intake of the study subjects by ∼3 grams on average.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surveys by the Canadian Public Health Association show that sodium intake in over 85% of men and 60% of women aged 19-70 years is overrecommended, leading to health risks (7). The mean salt intake among Iranians is 9.52 g/day (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Social Marketing to Reduce Salt Intake in Iran

Layeghiasl

Malekzadeh

Shams

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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“…A higher amount of salt intake as a dietary risk factor of diseases is one of the main causes of hypertension development, one of the main risk factors of CVDs [15]. Also, excessive salt intake has a role in developing gastric cancer, the third major cause of cancer mortality globally [22,23].…”

Section: Unhealthy Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some risk factors are more prominent in Iran because of unhealthy dietary habits such as high salt intake and previous high consumption of saturated oil, physical activity barriers, and widespread tobacco use [12][13][14][15][16]. For Conducting this review, we searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for the keywords "Non-Communicable Diseases", "Risk Factor", "Iran", "Epidemiology", "Prevention", and "Action Plan" through all fields of an article and all types of articles, without a language and time restriction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-communicable diseases’ risk factors in Iran; a review of the present status and action plans

Azadnajafabad

Mohammadi

Aminorroaya

et al. 2021

J Diabetes Metab Disord

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Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of death globally, imposing a heavy burden on the healthcare systems, especially in low-and middle-income countries. Iran is a country in the Middle-East region with an aging population and changing disease risk factors, and now is facing NCDs as the major health problem of the country. Investigating NCDs' risk factors and tackling preventable ones is the main intervention to control their heavy burden. In this review, we discussed the most critical risk factors in Iran and the implemented programs and action plans to control them. A better knowledge on current status of risk factors and plans to tackle them, could help policymakers effectively rule policies and allocate resources to curb heavy burden of NCDs in Iran.

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“…The Tanaka equation [15] was used to estimate 24 h urinary sodium. Then, the obtained values were multiplied by 2.54 and divided by 1000 to get salt intake (g/day) for each person [16].…”

Section: Measurement and Definition Of Dependent Independent And Covmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is salt intake reduction a universal intervention for both normotensive and hypertensive people: a case from Iran STEPS survey 2016

et al. 2019

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Purpose There is a direct association between salt intake and blood pressure (BP), one of the main risk factors for CVDs. However, yet there has been a debate that how strong is this association in people with and without hypertension. This study was conducted to evaluate the magnitude of the association between salt intake and BP in hypertensive and normotensive population among a nationally representative population. Methods The study was conducted on a nationally representative sample of 18,635 Iranian adults aged 25 years and older who participated in the STEPS survey 2016 and provided urine sample. Salt intake was estimated through spot urine sample and Tanaka equation. Multiple linear regression model in survey data analysis was used to assess the independent effect of salt intake on BP. Results After adjusting for covariates, there was a significant association between salt intake and SBP in hypertensive (p < 0.001) and normotensive people (p < 0.001). In hypertensive people, with 1 g of increase in salt intake, the SBP and DBP increased 0.37 mmHg and 0.07 mmHg, respectively. Whereas in normotensive people, with 1 g of increase in salt intake, the SBP and DBP increased 0.26 mmHg and 0.05 mmHg, respectively. Moreover, there was a significant trend toward an increase of SBP across salt intake quartiles in both hypertensive (p < 0.001) and normotensive people (p = 0.002), though the slope was steeper in hypertensive than in normotensive people. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that salt intake significantly increased SBP in both hypertensive and normotensive people, though the magnitude of this increase was greater in hypertensive people as compared with normotensive people.

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Salt intake among Iranian population

Abstract: The study showed that the consumption of salt among the Iranian population is higher than the level recommended by WHO. To reduce salt intake, it is necessary to adopt a combination of nationwide policies such as food reformulation and food labelling.

Cited by 64 publications

References 28 publications

Using Social Marketing to Reduce Salt Intake in Iran

Using Social Marketing to Reduce Salt Intake in Iran

Non-communicable diseases’ risk factors in Iran; a review of the present status and action plans

Is salt intake reduction a universal intervention for both normotensive and hypertensive people: a case from Iran STEPS survey 2016

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