Salmonellosis Outbreaks in the United States Due to Fresh Produce: Sources and Potential Intervention Measures

Abstract

Foodborne Salmonella spp. is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States each year. Traditionally, most cases of salmonellosis were thought to originate from meat and poultry products. However, an increasing number of salmonellosis outbreaks are occurring as a result of contaminated produce. Several produce items specifically have been identified in outbreaks, and the ability of Salmonella to attach or internalize into vegetables and fruits may be factors that make these produce items more likely to be sources of Salmonella. In addition, environmental factors including contaminated water sources used to irrigate and wash produce crops have been implicated in a large number of outbreaks. Salmonella is carried by both domesticated and wild animals and can contaminate freshwater by direct or indirect contact. In some cases, direct contact of produce or seeds with contaminated manure or animal wastes can lead to contaminated crops. This review examines outbreaks of Salmonella due to contaminated produce, the potential sources of Salmonella, and possible control measures to prevent contamination of produce.

Studies on Occurrence of Invasive Salmonella spp. from Unorganised Poultry Farm to Retail Chicken Meat Shops in Mumbai City, India

“…Human salmonellosis is frequently associated with the consumption of poultry products (CDC, 2008;Hanning et al, 2009;Kang et al, 2009 andPires et al, 2012). Contaminated poultry products are among the important sources for food-borne outbreaks in humans and Salmonella are isolated more often from poultry and poultry products (Habtamu et al, 2011;Kabir, 2010 andLinam andGerber, 2007).…”

Escherichia coli Common Pilus (ECP) Targets Arabinosyl Residues in Plant Cell Walls to Mediate Adhesion to Fresh Produce Plants

“…Several bacterial pathogens have been involved in different foodborne outbreaks, including pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10).…”

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“…It is however currently not clear if the product plays a role in the transmission of S. typhimurium ST313. Fruits and vegetables may also be contaminated with waste water from animal reservoirs, resulting in human infections (Hanning et al, 2009). Other additional routes of human infection by NTS have been postulated in developing countries and these include hospital acquired infection, direct and indirect animal contact with pet and food animals, and human-to-human transmission (Kariuki et al, 2006;Morpeth et al, 2009;Hale et al, 2012).…”