Salmonellosis in Saudi Arabia; an underestimated disease?

Alsayeqh, Abdullah F.

doi:10.5455/ajvs.136155

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Every year, hundreds to thousands of human cases of intestinal diseases are reported as a result of pathogenic E. coli and most cases need antibiotics as treatment and some cases become resistant to antibiotics. As mentioned above about mechanisms of exchange resistance genes which play a role directly or non-directly for bacteria to prevent the action of the antibiotics [11].…”

Section: Statistics Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, most causes of outbreaks were Salmonella because the most requested tests for samples were Salmonella and Shigella. Furthermore, E.coli and Shigella are food causes of foodborne diseases too in Saudi Arabia [11]. Thus, in Saudi Arabia, based on most cases of food-borne diseases from bacteria especially some pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae family, which are Salmonella.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Outbreak of Foodborne Disease by Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae Antimicrobial Resistance - A Review

Al-Seghayer¹,

Al-Sarraj²

2021

AFSJ

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Chemicals, bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause contamination of food. The general signs and symptoms of food poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, headache, abdominal cramps, and fever. Paralysis and death could occur in severe infection. Most cases of food poisoning in Saudi Arabia are caused by the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria which is comprised of Shigella, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli. Most medications that are used to treat infections that are caused by these bacteria have become ineffective due to resistance. Escherichia coli reaches intestines due to fecal-oral contamination, consuming contaminated food, animal products, and water. Affected individuals present with fever, bloody diarrhea, vomiting, kidney failure, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Some strains do not cause fever. Food hygiene is the best way of breaking the transmission cycle of Escherichia coli. Salmonella typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever. The clinical picture of the affected individuals includes typhoid and non-typhoid symptoms. Typhoid symptoms include high fever, stomach pain, weakness, cough, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. On the other hand, non-typhoid signs are comprised of fever, septicemia, and prostration. Food contamination by Shigella spp. culminates in fever, cramps, diarrhea, and bloody stool. The microbe gets into healthy humans through contaminated food, tools, and water or via direct contact (like in sexual intercourse). Effective management of food poisoning entails rehydration, use of antibiotics, and encouraging adequate rest for the affected patients. One challenge that is likely to hamper the current treatment modality is the microbial resistance that the microbes have gained. Thus, new drugs have to be developed. The objectives and aims are to investigate the current biohazard of these types of microbes on foods and human safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and across the world, as well as to identify mutated and antibiotic-resistant types.

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Section: Statistics Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Outbreak of Foodborne Disease by Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae Antimicrobial Resistance - A Review

Al-Seghayer¹,

Al-Sarraj²

2021

AFSJ

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“…Only a small number of research studies attempted to explore salmonellosis in Saudi Arabia. In one study, 5,202 salmonellosis cases were reported between 2013 and 2017 during a 5-year period ( Alsayeqh, 2020 ). Another study revealed a consistent rise in salmonellosis cases, particularly during the summer and Hajj seasons, with chicken being the primary food source linked to these instances ( Abd El Ghany et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance and genomic characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from chicken meat

et al. 2023

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This study investigated genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, phylogenic relatedness, plasmid and virulence composition of 39 Salmonella enterica strains isolated from chicken meat samples using whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology. Four distinct serotypes were identified; Salmonella Minnesota (16/39, 41%), Salmonella Infantis (13/39, 33.3%), Salmonella Enteritidis (9/39, 23.1%), and one isolate was detected for Salmonella Kentucky (1/39, 2.6%), with sequence types (STs) as followed: ST548, ST32, ST11, and ST198, respectively. Phenotypic resistance to tetracycline (91.2%), ampicillin (82.4%), sulfisoxazole (64.7%), and nalidixic acid (61.6%) was the most observed. Resistome analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes to aminoglycosides, β-lactamase, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, phenicol, lincosamide, macrolides, and tetracyclines. Plasmidome showed the presence of eight incompatibility groups, including IncA/C2, IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3, Col440I_1, IncR, IncX1, IncI1_1_Alpha, IncFIB(S)/IncFII(S), IncHI2/IncHI2A, IncX2 and ColpVC plasmids across the 39 genomes. Three resistance genes, sul2, tetA and blaCMY-2, were predicted to be located on IncA/C2 plasmid in S. Minnesota isolates, whereas all S. Infantis isolates were positive to IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3 plasmid that carries blaCTX-M-65 gene. Eleven Salmonella pathogenicity islands and up to 131 stress and/or virulence genes were identified in the evaluated genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed four phylogroups that were consistent with the identified ST profiles with a high level of inter-diversity between isolates. This is the first genomic characterization of Salmonella isolates from retail chicken meat in Saudi Arabia using WGS technology. The availability of Salmonella genomes from multiple geographic locations, including Saudi Arabia, would be highly beneficial in future source-tracking, especially during epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigations.

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Diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical and environmental Salmonella enterica serovars in Western Saudi Arabia

Khan,

Neyaz,

Malak

et al. 2024

Folia Microbiol

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Salmonellosis in Saudi Arabia; an underestimated disease?

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

The Outbreak of Foodborne Disease by Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae Antimicrobial Resistance - A Review

The Outbreak of Foodborne Disease by Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae Antimicrobial Resistance - A Review

Antimicrobial resistance and genomic characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from chicken meat

Diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical and environmental Salmonella enterica serovars in Western Saudi Arabia

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