Salmonella serotypes and their antimicrobial susceptibility in apparently healthy dogs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

BackgroundThe close bond between pet animals and family members poses risk of infection with zoonotic bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella. No data is available on occurrence of Salmonella in dogs in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence, serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella from feces of apparently healthy dogs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.ResultsOf the total 360 dogs examined, 42 (11.7%; 95% Confidence limit of 8.5%–15.4%) were positive for Salmonella. Fourteen serotypes were detected and the predominant ones were S. Bronx (n = 7; 16.7%), S. Newport (n = 6; 14.3%), followed by S. Typhimurium, S. Indiana, S. Kentucky, S. Saintpaul and S. Virchow (n = 4; 9.5%) each. Salmonella infection status was significantly associated with history of symptom of diarrhea during the past 60 days (OR = 3.78; CI = 1.76–8.13; p = 0). Highest resistance rates were found for oxytetracycline (59.5%), neomycin (50%), streptomycin (38.1%), cephalothin (33.3%), doxycycline (30.9%), ampicillin (30.9%) and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (26.2%). Thirty eight (90.5%) of the isolates were resistant or intermediately resistant to at least one of the 16 antimicrobials tested. Resistance to two or more antimicrobials was detected in 30 (71.4%) of the isolates. Resistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 19 (45.2%) of the isolates.ConclusionThis study demonstrated high carriage rate of Salmonella serotypes known for causing human salmonellosis and large proportion of them were resistant to antimicrobials used in public and veterinary medicine for management of various bacterial infections, suggesting the possible risk of infection of human population in close contact with these dogs by drug resistant pathogens. Therefore, it is vital to work on raising public awareness on zoonotic canine diseases prevention measures and good hygienic practices.

Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridioides difficile in dogs fed raw meat-based diets in Brazil and their owners’ motivation

“…Although the majority cases in humans are foodborne [41], there is an increase concern regarding the role of pets as reservoirs for nontyphoidal Salmonella [42,43]. In the present study, 15.2% (7/46) dogs fed RMBD shed Salmonella enterica, including S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg, and S. Saintpaul, which are frequently associated with human salmonellosis [44,45]. Conversely, only one dog (1/192 = 0.5%) fed commercial dry feed was positive for Salmonella spp.…”

“…Additionally, three Salmonella enterica of serovars S. Typhimurium, S. Panama, and S. Saintpaul, from dogs fed RMBD, were multidrug resistant (resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes, according to Sweeney et al [49]). It is interesting to note that this resistance pattern included antimicrobials that are largely used for human and veterinary medicine, such as oxytetracycline, streptomycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole [44]. Additionally, one Salmonella spp.…”

“…Moreover, previous studies suggest that the higher antimicrobial resistance profile observed in Salmonella isolates from dogs fed RMBD is due to large exposure to resistant Salmonella spp. from the raw animal products used in these diets [44,46]. In fact, studies have reported the isolation of resistant strains of Salmonella spp., including S. Heidelberg, S. Typhimurium, and S. Saintpaul, in raw food for dogs [46] and in animal carcasses, in several places, including Brazil [52].…”

Serovars and antimicrobial resistance of non‐typhoidal Salmonella isolated from non‐diarrhoeic dogs in Grenada, West Indies

“…A recent study on antimicrobial drug susceptibility of Salmonella isolates from household dogs in Ethiopia showed resistance rates varying from 26% to 60% for amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, neomycin and oxytetracycline; with 50%, and 60% for the last two drugs (Kiflu et al . ). These findings seem to show that drug resistance of Salmonella from dogs can vary widely depending on the geographic area and possibly, serovars.…”

“…Studies of apparently healthy dogs conducted decades ago identified many different serovars and carrier rates from 4 to 16% (Morse et al 1976;Shimi et al 1976). More recent information on the carrier state in dogs is available from the United States (Jay-Russell et al 2014; Leahy et al 2016;Reimschuessel et al 2017), Ethiopia (Kiflu et al 2017), the United Kingdom (Philbey et al 2014), Thailand (Srisanga et al 2016), Taiwan (Tsai et al 2007), Turkey (Kocabiyik et al 2006;Bagcigil et al 2007), Trinidad (Seepersadsingh et al 2004) and Germany (Weber et al 1995). This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella spp.…”