Salmonella rarely detected in Mississippi coastal waters and sediment

Carr, M.R.; Wang, Shiao Y.; McLean, Timothy I.; Flood, Christopher; Ellender, R. D.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04851.x

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…A field study conducted in tidally influenced Hawaiian streams (salinity range of 0.60‰ to 37.3‰) found a negative relationship between concentrations of enterococci and physicochemical water parameters (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen content) (344). Similar findings were reported for coastal Mississippi waters (salinity range of 0.00‰ to 26.4‰) and a salt marsh in California (salinity range of 29.4‰ to 30.5‰) (53,94).…”

Section: Responses To Environmental Stressorssupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Many field (53,94,344) and mesocosm (10,75,187,308) studies reported an inverse relationship between salinity and the detection/survival of enterococci ( Table 2). A field study conducted in tidally influenced Hawaiian streams (salinity range of 0.60‰ to 37.3‰) found a negative relationship between concentrations of enterococci and physicochemical water parameters (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen content) (344).…”

Section: Responses To Environmental Stressorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Enterococci in the Environment

Byappanahalli

Nevers

Korajkic

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

557

383

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SUMMARYEnterococci are common, commensal members of gut communities in mammals and birds, yet they are also opportunistic pathogens that cause millions of human and animal infections annually. Because they are shed in human and animal feces, are readily culturable, and predict human health risks from exposure to polluted recreational waters, they are used as surrogates for waterborne pathogens and as fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in research and in water quality testing throughout the world. Evidence from several decades of research demonstrates, however, that enterococci may be present in high densities in the absence of obvious fecal sources and that environmental reservoirs of these FIB are important sources and sinks, with the potential to impact water quality. This review focuses on the distribution and microbial ecology of enterococci in environmental (secondary) habitats, including the effect of environmental stressors; an outline of their known and apparent sources, sinks, and fluxes; and an overview of the use of enterococci as FIB. Finally, the significance of emerging methodologies, such as microbial source tracking (MST) and empirical predictive models, as tools in water quality monitoring is addressed. The mounting evidence for widespread extraenteric sources and reservoirs of enterococci demonstrates the versatility of the genusEnterococcusand argues for the necessity of a better understanding of their ecology in natural environments, as well as their roles as opportunistic pathogens and indicators of human pathogens.

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Section: Responses To Environmental Stressorssupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Responses To Environmental Stressorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococci in the Environment

Byappanahalli

Nevers

Korajkic

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

557

383

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“…has been well studied, however, further attention is required for pathogens such as Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7 and norovirus, which may cause illness through shellfish consumption or exposure to recreational water (Malham et al, 2014). Previous research has primarily focused on the presence/absence of these microorganisms in sediments, but for an apportionment of risk, a quantitative approach is required (Ramaiah et al, 2005; Setti et al, 2009; Carr et al, 2010; Soares de Lima Grisi and Gorlach-Lira, 2010). The reported number of fecally associated bacteria in coastal and estuarine environment is typically between 0 and 10 4 colony forming units (CFU) or most probable number (MPN)/100 ml for water and 10 1 to 10 6 CFU or MPN/100 g wet weight for sediment (Table 1).…”

Section: Abundance and Distribution Of Fecally Derived Bacteria And Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance and Distribution of Enteric Bacteria and Viruses in Coastal and Estuarine Sediments—a Review

et al. 2016

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The long term survival of fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and human pathogenic microorganisms in sediments is important from a water quality, human health and ecological perspective. Typically, both bacteria and viruses strongly associate with particulate matter present in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. This association tends to be stronger in finer textured sediments and is strongly influenced by the type and quantity of clay minerals and organic matter present. Binding to particle surfaces promotes the persistence of bacteria in the environment by offering physical and chemical protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. How bacterial and viral viability and pathogenicity is influenced by surface attachment requires further study. Typically, long-term association with surfaces including sediments induces bacteria to enter a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. Inherent methodological challenges of quantifying VBNC bacteria may lead to the frequent under-reporting of their abundance in sediments. The implications of this in a quantitative risk assessment context remain unclear. Similarly, sediments can harbor significant amounts of enteric viruses, however, the factors regulating their persistence remains poorly understood. Quantification of viruses in sediment remains problematic due to our poor ability to recover intact viral particles from sediment surfaces (typically <10%), our inability to distinguish between infective and damaged (non-infective) viral particles, aggregation of viral particles, and inhibition during qPCR. This suggests that the true viral titre in sediments may be being vastly underestimated. In turn, this is limiting our ability to understand the fate and transport of viruses in sediments. Model systems (e.g., human cell culture) are also lacking for some key viruses, preventing our ability to evaluate the infectivity of viruses recovered from sediments (e.g., norovirus). The release of particle-bound bacteria and viruses into the water column during sediment resuspension also represents a risk to water quality. In conclusion, our poor process level understanding of viral/bacterial-sediment interactions combined with methodological challenges is limiting the accurate source apportionment and quantitative microbial risk assessment for pathogenic organisms associated with sediments in aquatic environments.

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“…Biomonitoring and Fecal Bacteria. In coastal waters of Mississippi, Salmonella were rare, and positively correlated with freshwater, nutrients, and fecal bacteria (Carr et al, 2010). Bacterial ratios calculated from habitat (e.g., sediment, water) and functional groups (e.g., Nfixing, ammonia-oxidizing) showed promise as bioindicators of water quality .…”

Section: Metals Addition Of Cadmium-tolerant Aquaticmentioning

confidence: 99%