Salmonella enhances osteogenic differentiation in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Abstract

The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for tissue repair and regeneration has garnered great attention. While MSCs are likely to interact with microbes at sites of tissue damage and inflammation, like in the gastrointestinal system, the consequences of pathogenic association on MSC activities have yet to be elucidated. This study investigated the effects of pathogenic interaction on MSC trilineage differentiation paths and mechanisms using model intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica ssp enterica serotype Typhimurium. The examination of key markers of differentiation, apoptosis, and immunomodulation demonstrated that Salmonella altered osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation pathways in human and goat adipose-derived MSCs. Anti-apoptotic and pro-proliferative responses were also significantly upregulated (p < 0.05) in MSCs during Salmonella challenge. These results together indicate that Salmonella, and potentially other pathogenic bacteria, can induce pathways that influence both apoptotic response and functional differentiation trajectories in MSCs, highlighting that microbes have a potentially significant role as influencers of MSC physiology and immune activity.

The role of toll-like receptors in orchestrating osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells and osteoimmunology

“…TLR2-4, however, is irrefutably present on the MSCs due to their responsiveness to the corresponding ligands ( Jia et al, 2019 ). After migration to the site of tissue injury or inflammation, MSCs could be exposed to not only immune cells but also TLR ligands ( Mohamad-Fauzi et al, 2023 ), TLRs greatly impact their functions such as proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capacity which lead to the MSC-based treatment in tissue regeneration or inflammation-related diseases more than ever ( Figure 1 ).…”