Salmonella awareness and related management practices in U.S. urban backyard chicken flocks

Beam, Andrea; Garber, Lindsey; Sakugawa, J.; Kopral, Christine A.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.12.004

Cited by 41 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The increasing popularity of backyard poultry, combined with poor public awareness and understanding of the risk of salmonellosis after contact with live poultry [6], [18], makes human Salmonella infections linked to live poultry from mail-order hatcheries a growing but preventable public health concern. From 1990 to 2012, 45 live poultry-associated salmonellosis outbreaks were reported to CDC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, a recent study of live poultry hatchling shipment boxes to multiple locations of a national farm store chain was published, further highlighting the link between mail-order hatcheries and human illness for particular non-typhoidal salmonella genotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns [17]. Although many individuals recognize the risk of salmonellosis from handling raw poultry meat products, people are generally not aware that Salmonella can also be acquired through live poultry contact [6], [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to live poultry from agricultural feed stores and mail-order hatcheries, United States 2013

et al. 2016

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Live poultry-associated salmonellosis is an emerging public health issue in the United States. Public and animal health officials collaborated to investigate one of the largest (356 cases, 39 states) of these outbreaks reported to date. A case was defined as illness in a person infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella Typhimurium with illness onset between 1 March and 22 October 2013. The median patient age was seven years (range: < 1–87 years); 58% of ill persons were children ≤ 10 years, 51% were female, 25% were hospitalized; 189 (76%) of 250 patients reported live poultry exposure in the week before illness; and 149 (95%) of 157 reported purchasing live poultry from agricultural feed stores. Traceback investigations identified 18 live poultry sources, including 16 mail-order hatcheries. Environmental sampling was conducted at two mail-order hatcheries. One (2.5%) of 40 duplicate samples collected at one hatchery yielded the outbreak strain. Live poultry are an important source of human salmonellosis, particularly among children, highlighting the need for educational campaigns and comprehensive interventions at the mail-order hatchery and agricultural feed store levels. Prevention and control efforts depend on a One Health approach, involving cooperation between public and animal health officials, industry, health professionals, and consumers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to live poultry from agricultural feed stores and mail-order hatcheries, United States 2013

et al. 2016

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“…A multistate study in 2010 targeting poultry owners at feed stores in Denver, Miami and Los Angeles analysed Salmonella awareness and related practices utilizing written surveys. The study findings suggested there was limited awareness of risk associated with contact with live birds (Beam et al., ). In 2013, Elkhoraibi et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Salmonella Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices: A Survey of Backyard Poultry Owners Residing in Seattle, Washington and the Surrounding Metropolitan Area

Kauber

Fowler

Lipton

et al. 2016

Zoonoses and Public Health

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SUMMARY Raising poultry flocks in urban backyard settings is becoming increasingly popular across the United States., but carries a risk of zoonotic infection. In the US from 1990–2014, 53 outbreaks of human salmonellosis linked to live poultry have been documented resulting in 2611 known illnesses, 387 known hospitalizations, and 5 known deaths. (CDC 2015a). A cross-sectional descriptive study was developed to better understand knowledge, attitudes, and practices of urban backyard poultry owners regarding Salmonella risk and prevention. The study included a survey of bird health, animal husbandry and hygiene practices, and knowledge, attitudes, and practices relating to Salmonella risk. Participants were videotaped while caring for their birds, and the recordings were transcribed using notational analysis to determine if reported practices differed from observed practices. The results indicated that while a large proportion of participants knew that exposure to Salmonella is an inherent risk associated with raising poultry and harvesting eggs, their reported and observed practices would not consistently reduce risk of transmission of Salmonella and other zoonotic diseases. Approximately 1 in 4 participants reported performing practices that increase risk of inoculation, such as snuggling and kissing birds or eating/drinking near them. None of the participants were observed kissing their birds on video; however, snuggling (holding birds to clothes) or touching their face during routine care was observed in approximately two-thirds of the video recordings. The video data provided a unique opportunity to compare reported practices with actions recorded during site visits. While the differences were not statistically significant, findings from our study suggest that flock owners may not accurately report the frequency with which risky practices are performed during routine animal care. Education and outreach targeting backyard flock owners should aim to improve husbandry and hygiene practices and reduce risk of zoonotic diseases associated with raising poultry in the backyard setting.

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“…Although home grown vegetable consumption rates have been estimated (US EPA 2011a), little is known about vegetable consumption rates and the amount of time spent in gardens by urban community gardeners. Additionally, chickens are once again becoming increasingly common in urban home and community gardens (Beam et al 2013; Pollock et al 2012; Spliethoff, Mitchell, Ribaudo, et al 2014). We are not aware of any studies that evaluated multipathway Pb exposures for urban community gardeners, nor any that considered garden-raised chicken-egg consumption as an exposure pathway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated lead (Pb) exposures for a population of urban community gardeners

Spliethoff

Mitchell

Shayler

et al. 2016

Environ Geochem Health

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Urban community gardens provide affordable, locally grown, healthy foods and many other benefits. However, urban garden soils can contain lead (Pb) that may pose risks to human health. To help evaluate these risks, we measured Pb concentrations in soil, vegetables, and chicken eggs from New York City community gardens, and we asked gardeners about vegetable consumption and time spent in the garden. We then estimated Pb intakes deterministically and probabilistically for adult gardeners, children who spend time in the garden, and adult (non-gardener) household members. Most central-tendency Pb intakes were below provisional total tolerable intake (PTTI) levels. High-contact intakes generally exceeded PTTIs. Probabilistic estimates showed approximately 40% of children and 10% of gardeners exceeding PTTIs. Children’s exposure came primarily from dust ingestion and exposure to higher-Pb soil between beds. Gardeners’ Pb intakes were comparable to children’s (in µg/d) but were dominated by vegetable consumption. Adult household members ate less garden-grown produce than gardeners and had the lowest Pb intakes. Our results suggest that healthy gardening practices to reduce Pb exposure in urban community gardens should focus on encouraging cultivation of lower-Pb vegetables (i.e., fruits) for adult gardeners and on covering higher-Pb non-bed soils accessible to young children. However, the common practice of replacement of root-zone bed soil with clean soil (e.g., in raised beds) has many benefits and should also continue to be encouraged.

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Salmonella awareness and related management practices in U.S. urban backyard chicken flocks

Cited by 41 publications

References 9 publications

Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to live poultry from agricultural feed stores and mail-order hatcheries, United States 2013

Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to live poultry from agricultural feed stores and mail-order hatcheries, United States 2013

Salmonella Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices: A Survey of Backyard Poultry Owners Residing in Seattle, Washington and the Surrounding Metropolitan Area

Estimated lead (Pb) exposures for a population of urban community gardeners

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