Salmon lice increase the age of returning Atlantic salmon

Vollset, Knut Wiik; Barlaup, Bjørn Torgeir; Skoglund, Helge; Normann, Eirik; Skilbrei, Ove

doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0896

Cited by 42 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Data from experimental releases of salmon smolts treated with EB in River Dale from 2001 to 2010 have been used to estimate the environmental impact of salmon lice in western Norway (Skilbrei et al 2013, Vollset et al 2014. Due to variable results with the oral administration of Slice ® (Skilbrei et al 2008), inter-peritoneal injection of EB was used from 2007 onwards, and, at the same time, the dose delivered to the fish was increased from 50 to 400 µg kg −1 (Glover et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preventive treatment against salmon lice with EB has been used in sea-ranching experiments aiming to estimate the effect of salmon lice on the survival of migrating smolts in Ireland (Gargan et al 2012, Jackson et al 2013 and Norway (Skilbrei et al 2013, Vollset et al 2014. EB has usually been administrated orally (Slice ® ), but observations of variable concentrations of EB in smolts (Skilbrei et al 2008) stimulated the use of intra-peritoneal injections of EB (Glover et al 2010) in one of the experimental release series from 2007 (Skilbrei et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of emamectin benzoate and substance EX against salmon lice in sea-ranched Atlantic salmon smolts

Skilbrei¹,

Espedal²,

Nilsen³

et al. 2015

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Experimental releases of Atlantic salmon smolts treated with emamectin benzoate (EB) against salmon lice have previously been used to estimate the significance of salmon lice on the survival of migrating smolts. In recent years, the salmon louse has developed reduced sensitivity to EB, which may influence the results of such release experiments. We therefore tested the use of 2 anti-lice drugs: EB was administered to salmon smolts in high doses by intra-peritoneal injection and the prophylactic substance EX (SubEX) was administered by bathing. A third, untreated control group was also established. Salmon were challenged with copepodids of 2 strains of salmon lice (1 EB-sensitive strain and 1 with reduced EB-sensitivity) in mixed-group experimental tanks. At 31 d post-challenge, the numbers of pre-adult lice on treated fish were around 20% compared with the control fish, with minor or no differences between the 2 treatments and lice strains. Both treatments therefore appeared to give the smolts a high degree of protection against infestation of copepodids of salmon lice. However, significantly lower growth of the EB-treatment group indicates that bathing the fish in SubEX is less stressful for smolts than intraperitoneal injection of EB.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of emamectin benzoate and substance EX against salmon lice in sea-ranched Atlantic salmon smolts

Skilbrei¹,

Espedal²,

Nilsen³

et al. 2015

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…For example, there is evidence of migratory escape in sea trout (Salmo trutta), where they prematurely terminate their marine migration and return to freshwater habitats to escape high sea louse parasite abundances (Birkeland and Jakobsen 1997). Also, sea lice infection experienced by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is associated with delayed maturity and therefore delayed spawning migrations of adult salmon (Vollset et al 2014). …”

Section: Host Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population biology of infectious diseases shared by wild and farmed fish

Krkošek

2017

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Global fisheries landings ceased increasing decades ago, causing an increasing shortfall in wild seafood supply and an expansion of aquaculture. The abundance of domesticated fishes now dwarfs related wild fishes in some coastal seas, changing the dynamics of their infectious diseases. Transport and trade of seafood, feed, eggs, and broodstock bring pathogens into new regions and into contact with naïve hosts. Density-dependent transmission creates threshold effects where disease can abruptly switch from endemic to epizootic dynamics. Hydrodynamics allow pathogens to disperse broadly, interconnecting farms into metapopulations of domesticated host fish in regions that also support related species of wild fish. Spillover and spillback dynamics of pathogen transmission between wild and farmed fish can create novel transmission pathways or bioamplify pathogen abundance, potentially depressing or endangering wild fish. Mortality from natural predator-prey interactions may be synergistic or compensatory with these increased infections. Domestic environments may favour the evolution of undesirable pathogen traits, such as virulence and drug resistance, leading to the emergence of strains that cause high mortality and (or) evade treatment. Overall, these changes to the dynamics of infectious disease in coastal seas impose new constraints on the sustainability of both wild and farmed fish. Résumé :Les débarquements des pêches à l'échelle planétaire ont cessé d'augmenter il y a des décennies, entraînant un manque à gagner croissant dans l'approvisionnement en fruits de mer sauvages, ainsi que la croissance de l'aquaculture. L'abondance des poissons domestiqués est maintenant beaucoup plus grande que celle de poissons sauvages reliés dans certaines mers littorales, ce qui modifie la dynamique de leurs maladies infectieuses. Le transport et le commerce de fruits de mer, d'aliments, d'oeufs et de géniteurs introduisent des pathogènes dans de nouvelles régions et les mettent en contact avec des hôtes naïfs. La transmission dépendante de la densité crée des effets de seuils qui font en sorte que la dynamique de la maladie peut passer soudainement d'endémique à épizootique. L'hydrodynamique permet aux pathogènes de se disperser largement, inter-reliant des fermes pour en faire de métapopulations de poissons hôtes domestiqués dans des régions qui supportent également des espèces reliées de poissons sauvages. Les dynamiques de débordement et de retour de la transmission de pathogènes entre les poissons sauvages et d'élevage peuvent créer de nouvelles voies de transmission ou bioamplifier l'abondance de pathogènes, réduisant ou menaçant potentiellement les populations de poissons sauvages. La mortalité découlant d'interactions prédateur-proie naturelles pourrait être en synergie avec ces infections accrues ou les compenser. Les milieux domestiques pourraient favoriser l'apparition de caractères non souhaitables des pathogènes, comme la virulence et la résistance aux drogues, menant à l'émergence de lignées qui causent u...

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“…Salmon lice are external parasites that cause substantial economic losses to the salmon industry (Costello 2009a), and farmassisted parasitic outbreaks can reduce return rates of spawning salmon in sensitive rivers (Vollset et al 2014(Vollset et al , 2015, posing a potential threat to wild salmonid populations (Costello 2009b;Krkošek et al 2011Krkošek et al , 2013. The salmon louse has a direct life cycle that involves three planktonic larval stages that hatch from a pair of egg strings produced by an adult female: two noninfective naupliar stages and an infective copepodid stage (Hamre et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) development times, body size, and reproductive outputs follow universal models of temperature dependence

Samsing

Oppedal

Dalvin

et al. 2016

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

112

120

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Abstract:Temperatures regulate metabolism of marine ectotherms and thereby influence development, reproduction, and, as a consequence, dispersal. Despite the importance of water temperatures in the epidemiology of marine diseases, for the parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis, the effect of high and low temperatures has not been methodically investigated. Here, we examined the effects of a wide temperature range (3-20°C) on L. salmonis larval development, adult body size, reproductive outputs, and infestation success. Further, we tested if dispersal of salmon lice differed with two temperature-dependent development times to the infective stage (30 and 60 degree-days) using an individual-based dispersal model. Development times followed universal models of temperature dependence described for other marine ectotherms. Water temperatures had a negative relationship with development times, adult body size, and reproductive outputs, except at 3°C, where larvae failed to reach the infective stage and all parameters were decreased, indicating low temperatures are more detrimental than high temperatures. The predictable effect of temperatures on lice development and reproduction will have important applications, such as predicting dispersal and population connectivity, to assist in controlling lice epidemics.Résumé : La température régule le métabolisme des ectothermes marins, influençant ainsi leur développement, leur reproduction et, par conséquent, leur dispersion. Malgré l'importance de la température de l'eau dans l'épidémiologie des maladies marines, pour le copépode parasitique Lepeophtheirus salmonis, l'effet de températures élevées ou basses n'a pas fait l'objet d'un examen méthodique. Nous examinons les effets d'une grande fourchette de températures (3-20°C) sur le développement des larves, la taille du corps des adultes, l'efficacité de la reproduction et le succès des infestations de L. salmonis. Nous vérifions également si la dispersion du pou du poisson est différente pour deux temps de développement dépendant de la température avant le stade infectieux (30 et 60 degrés-jours) en utilisant un modèle de dispersion basé sur l'individu. Les temps de dével-oppement suivent des modèles universels de dépendance de la température décrits pour d'autres ectothermes marins. La température de l'eau est négativement reliée au temps de développement, à la taille du corps des adultes et à l'efficacité de la reproduction, sauf à 3°C, température à laquelle les larves n'atteignent pas le stade infectieux et tous les paramètres diminuent, indiquant que les basses températures sont plus néfastes que les températures élevées. L'effet prévisible de la température sur le développement et la reproduction des poux aura d'importantes applications, notamment dans la prédiction de la dispersion et la connectivité des populations, pour aider à maîtriser les épidémies de poux. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Salmon lice increase the age of returning Atlantic salmon

Cited by 42 publications

References 22 publications

Evaluation of emamectin benzoate and substance EX against salmon lice in sea-ranched Atlantic salmon smolts

Evaluation of emamectin benzoate and substance EX against salmon lice in sea-ranched Atlantic salmon smolts

Population biology of infectious diseases shared by wild and farmed fish

Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) development times, body size, and reproductive outputs follow universal models of temperature dependence

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