Salivary TNF-alpha: A potential marker of periodontal destruction

Abstract

Aims and Objectives:(1) To evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on salivary TNF-α level in chronic periodontitis. (2) To evaluate the effect of smoking on salivary TNF-α level in chronic periodontitis. (3) To compare and correlate TNF-α level with the healthy individuals.Materials and Methods:Subjects aged 30-35 years were included for the study and divided into four groups as a group of 20 systemically and periodontally healthy individuals (group I), a group of 20 subjects with pocket probing depth (PPD) ≥5 mm and clinical attachment loss (CAL) of ≥2 mm (group II), a group of 20 diabetic subjects (of more than 5 years) with periodontal parameters as of group II as (group III) and a group of 20 subjects smoking (≥10 cigarettes a day) with periodontal parameters of group II as (group IV). Periodontal parameters of PPD, CAL, gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were measured using standard indices and criteria. Three milliliter of unstimulated saliva was taken and salivary TNF-α determined by using ELISA technique (Quantikine Human total TNF-A immunoassay kit).Results:Data revealed highest mean TNF-α in group III followed by group IV, group II, and group I. Mean TNF-α of both group III (76.1%) and group IV (48.8%) was significantly higher as compared to group I (P < 0.001). Mean TNF-α of group III was also found to be significantly different and higher (68.1%) as compared to group II (P < 0.001). Although higher mean TNF-α (31.5%) was found in group IV in comparison to group II, the difference was not statistically significant. Besides above, TNF-α also showed a direct positive correlation with PPD in group II (r = 0.30, P > 0.05) and a significant negative correlation was observed between CAL and TNF-α in group IV.Conclusion:Our study clearly underlines a profound impact of diabetes and smoking on salivary TNF-α in chronic periodontitis subjects in comparison to healthy subjects. Moreover, diabetes status increased TNF-α significantly in comparison to smoking in chronic periodontitis patients.

The association between oral hygiene and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…A total of 2,763 studies were identified from Medline and Scopus, and 1,934 studies remained after removing duplicates. Of these, 1,878 studies were ineligible for reasons described in Figure , leaving 56 that were eligible for review. Six studies were excluded because of insufficient data after contacting the authors.…”

“…Of the remaining 50 studies, 45 objectively assessed OH using an oral examination. Of these 45 studies, 15 analysed OH as categorical data, 31 as continuous data and one as both. Eleven studies provided the association between periodontitis and oral care habits measured according to the frequency of brushing, interdental cleaning and dental visits.…”

“…Among 31 studies that measured OH on a continuous scale, 25 compared OH between periodontitis and non‐periodontitis groups using the mean scores. The SMDs were highly heterogeneous ( I 2 = 95.6%), with a pooled SMD of 2.04 (95% CI: 1.59–2.50) ( Table ).…”

Diagnostic and Prognostic Particularities of the Implications of the Presence of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Patients with Periodontal Disease

“…High TNF-α serum levels are maintained by inflammatory and infectious processes associated with chronic periodontitis [5,6].…”

Macrophage activating factor: A potential biomarker of periodontal health status

“…Thereafter, individuals were divided into five groups according to BI, CAL,PPD as being healthy (all the point: BI: À, CAL: À, PDD < 3 mm); gingivitis (less than 30% points: BI: AE,CAL: À, PDD < 3 mm); mild periodontitis (more than 30% points: BI: +, CAL 2 mm, 3 mm PDD 4 mm); moderate periodontitis (more than 30% points: BI: +, 2 mm CAL 4 mm, 4 mm PDD 6 mm); or severe periodontitis (more than 30% points:BI: +, CAL ! 5 mm, PDD > 6 mm) (Front, Laster, Unis, Gavish, & Nagler, 2013, Singh, Gupta, Bey, & Khan, 2014. Unstimulated saliva specimens were collected by salivette tube (Sarstedt AG & Co, Numbrecht, Germany).…”