Salivary Redox Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease

Abstract

Homeostasis is a self-regulatory dynamic process that maintains a stable internal environment in the human body. These regulations are essential for the optimal functioning of enzymes necessary for human health. Homeostasis elucidates disrupted mechanisms leading to the development of various pathological conditions caused by oxidative stress. In our work, we discuss redox homeostasis and salivary antioxidant activity during healthy periods and in periods of disease: dental carries, oral cavity cancer, periodontal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, systemic sclerosis, and pancreatitis. The composition of saliva reflects dynamic changes in the organism, which makes it an excellent tool for determining clinically valuable biomarkers. The oral cavity and saliva may form the first line of defense against oxidative stress. Analysis of salivary antioxidants may be helpful as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic marker of not only oral, but also systemic health.

Signaling pathways of oxidative stress response: the potential therapeutic targets in gastric cancer

“…It has been discovered that antioxidant-rich diet significantly influenced smokers’ cellular stress protection ( 66 ). Plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were substantially higher and melatonin levels were substantially lower in smokers than non-smokers, which appears that melatonin can lessen the respiratory system damage caused by free radicals brought on by cigarette smoke ( 67 ).…”

The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Monitoring Oral Health in Patients with Implants and Periodontitis

“…A pivotal aspect in the progression of periodontitis is oxidative damage to tissues, which is crucial in the disease's advancement [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The analysis of salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress has been applied to the diagnosis of various diseases of the oral cavity, as they may be involved in the occurrence and/or development of periodontitis, caries, potentially malignant oral diseases, cancer, inflammation, and fungal diseases [10]. Salivary oxidative stress biomarkers have become a tool for analyzing the pathogenesis and conducting follow-up of oral disorders, and their correct analysis could, in future, lead to individualized diagnosis and treatment for each patient, since their determination is noninvasive, simple, safe, rapid, and painless [11,12]. The study of saliva is an easy and reproducible method for determining salivary oxidant activity and antioxidant capacity [11].…”

“…Salivary oxidative stress biomarkers have become a tool for analyzing the pathogenesis and conducting follow-up of oral disorders, and their correct analysis could, in future, lead to individualized diagnosis and treatment for each patient, since their determination is noninvasive, simple, safe, rapid, and painless [11,12]. The study of saliva is an easy and reproducible method for determining salivary oxidant activity and antioxidant capacity [11].…”

The Emerging Role of Salivary Oxidative Stress Biomarkers as Prognostic Markers of Periodontitis: New Insights for a Personalized Approach in Dentistry

“…Involved in this dynamic system are: enzymes, pH, temperature, ions concentration, oxygen concentration and many others [ 17 ]. All the cells benefit from homeostasis processes and at the same time [ 18 ]. A body is considered healthy when it possesses a balance in homeostasis regulation [ 17 ].…”