Salivary microbiome in chronic kidney disease: what is its connection to diabetes, hypertension, and immunity?

Abstract

Background The association between oral dysbiosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has gained increasing attention in recent years. Diabetes and hypertension are the most common conditions in CKD. However, a case–control study with matched confounding variables on the salivary microbiome in CKD and the influence of diabetes and hypertension on the microbiome has never been reported. Methods In our study, we compared the salivary microbiome profile between patients with CKD and healthy controls (HC) using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and examine its association with diabetes, hypertension, and immunity. Results We observed that the bacterial community was skewed in the saliva of CKD, with increased Lautropia and Pseudomonas, and decreased Actinomyces, Prevotella, Prevotella 7, and Trichococcus. No difference in the bacterial community between the CKD patients complicated with and without diabetes, and between those with and without hypertension. Prevotella 7 declined in CKD patients with/without hypertension with respect to HC, while Pseudomonas increased in CKD patients with/without hypertension. Pseudomonas was negatively associated with immunoglobin G in CKD patients. Both CKD patients with positive and negative antistreptolysin O had declined Prevotella 7 and Trichococcus compared to HC, whereas increased Pseudomonas. Conclusions Our study identifies a distinct bacterial saliva microbiome in CKD patients characterized by alteration in composition. We unravel here that the co-occurrence diseases of diabetes and hypertension are not associated with specific bacterial alterations, suggesting that bacterial dysbiosis in saliva plays a role in renal damage regardless of the occurrence of diabetes and hypertension.

Salivary microbiome in kidney diseases: A narrative review

“…Prevotella and Haemophilus were decreased in CKD patients, whereas Streptococcus , Actinomyces , and Leptotrichia were enriched 59 . A new study has found a unique bacterial saliva microbiome in individuals with CKD, which is characterized by notable changes in its composition 60 …”

“…59 A new study has found a unique bacterial saliva microbiome in individuals with CKD, which is characterized by notable changes in its composition. 60…”

Salivary Microbiome in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Altered Composition and Association with Prostate-Specific Antigen

“…The samples were added to 500 µL lysis bufer and stored at − 80 ℃ until DNA isolation. The procedures of DNA extraction, 16S rRNA quantitative PCR, qualitative 16S targeted metagenomic sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis are described in our previous study [14]. Notably, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ampli cation of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes V3-V4 region was performed using the universal primers 319F and 806R with 30 cycles.…”

“…However, the impact of imbalanced oral microbiota extends beyond oral health conditions. For instance, oral dysbiosis has been associated with various systemic disorders, including Alzheimer's disease [11], coronary artery disease [12], arthritis [13], chronic kidney disease [14], systemic lupus erythematous [15], and colitis etc. [16], are linked to the oral dysbiosis.…”

Association between salivary microbiota and renal function in renal transplant patients during the perioperative period

“…Saliva, one of the largest sources of gut microbiota, may play an important role in kidney disease that salivary microbiota ectopically colonizing the gut may be closely associated with the development of kidney disease and renal function. At the same time, several studies have discussed changes in salivary flora in patients with CKD (Hu et al, 2018 ; Duan et al, 2020 ; Guo et al, 2022 ; Liu et al, 2022 ). The overall composition of the salivary microbiota in CKD patients is significantly different from that of the healthy population, although the variation in individual flora or individual indicators is not entirely consistent across studies.…”