Salivary metabolomics for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases: a systematic review with methodological quality assessment

Baima, Giacomo; Iaderosa, Giovanni; Citterio, Filippo; Grossi, Silvia; Romano, Federica; Berta, Giovanni Nicolao; Buduneli, Nurcan; Aimetti, Mario

doi:10.1007/s11306-020-01754-3

Cited by 37 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…An interesting aspect of the present study was that molecular analysis was based on samples collected by the participants themselves. Indeed, this was only possible since saliva can be collected non-invasively [28]. Furthermore, sampling of saliva requires no other qualifications than what can be disseminated online by short videos.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Probiotics on the Salivary Microbiota and Salivary Levels of Inflammation-Related Proteins during Short-Term Sugar Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial

et al. 2021

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Background: The purpose of the present investigation was to characterize the effect of probiotics on the composition of the salivary microbiota and salivary levels of inflammation-related proteins during short-term sugar stress. We tested the hypotheses that consumption of probiotics may partly counteract the detrimental influence of sugar stress on oral homeostasis. Methods: The present study was a five-week, blinded, randomized controlled trial with four study arms—A: sucrose and probiotic (n = 20); B: sucrose and placebo (n = 20); C: xylitol and probiotic (n = 20); D: xylitol and placebo (n = 20). Saliva samples were collected at baseline and after two and five weeks. The salivary microbiota was characterized by means of 16S rDNA sequencing, and sequences were referenced against the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and transferrin levels were quantified using immunoassays. Results: Sugar stress induced a significant increase in the relative abundance of the genus Streptococcus from 29.8% at baseline to 42.9% after two weeks. Changes were transient and were completely reversed three weeks after discontinuation of sugar stress. Xylitol and probiotics alone had no effect on the salivary microbiota, whereas the combination of xylitol and probiotics induced a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Streptococcus species from 37.6% at baseline to 23.0% at week 2. Sugar stress significantly increased salivary transferrin levels, and the effect was partly counteracted by concomitant use of probiotics. Conclusions: The data clearly demonstrate an impact of combined consumption of xylitol and probiotics on the composition of the salivary microbiota. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether the combined use of xylitol and the probiotic strains tested could have clinically protective effects during periods of sugar stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Probiotics on the Salivary Microbiota and Salivary Levels of Inflammation-Related Proteins during Short-Term Sugar Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial

et al. 2021

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“…Although it was not statistically significant, a reduction in phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis was also previously reported [ 23 ]. In addition, the amount of phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan reportedly increased in the saliva of the patients with periodontitis [ 37 ]. The reduction in the genes belonging to the biosynthesis of lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan may depend on the supply of a large quantity of proteins from the host tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomic and Gene Category Analyses of Subgingival Plaques from a Group of Japanese Individuals with and without Periodontitis

Izawa

Okamoto-Shibayama

Kita

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Periodontitis is an inflammation of tooth-supporting tissues, which is caused by bacteria in the subgingival plaque (biofilm) and the host immune response. Traditionally, subgingival pathogens have been investigated using methods such as culturing, DNA probes, or PCR. The development of next-generation sequencing made it possible to investigate the whole microbiome in the subgingival plaque. Previous studies have implicated dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiome in the etiology of periodontitis. However, details are still lacking. In this study, we conducted a metagenomic analysis of subgingival plaque samples from a group of Japanese individuals with and without periodontitis. In the taxonomic composition analysis, genus Bacteroides and Mycobacterium demonstrated significantly different compositions between healthy sites and sites with periodontal pockets. The results from the relative abundance of functional gene categories, carbohydrate metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, amino acid metabolism, replication and repair showed significant differences between healthy sites and sites with periodontal pockets. These results provide important insights into the shift in the taxonomic and functional gene category abundance caused by dysbiosis, which occurs during the progression of periodontal disease.

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“…52 Metabolites and pathways detected in the GCF present some similarities and some differences from the ones encountered in saliva. 53 Some factors may be responsible for this separation, primarily the fact that saliva collects components from many other sources than GCF and it is reflective of both the individual systemic status 54 and the whole mouth infectious-inflammatory status. 19 Also, GCF characteristics are more strongly influenced by quality of the subgingival ecological niche.…”

Section: Untargeted Gcf Metabolomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics of gingival crevicular fluid to identify biomarkers for periodontitis: A systematic review with meta‐analysis

Baima

Corana

Iaderosa

et al. 2021

J of Periodontal Research

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The present systematic review aimed to examine periodontitis-specific biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) that could have a diagnostic relevance, and to provide a qualitative assessment of the current literature. Metabolites are reliable indicators of pathophysiological statuses, and their quantification in the GCF can provide an outlook of the changes associated with periodontitis and have diagnostic value. Relevant studies identified from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases were examined to answer the following PECO question: "In systemically healthy individuals, can concentration of specific metabolites in the GCF be used to discriminate subjects with healthy periodontium (H) or gingivitis from patients with periodontitis (P) and which is the diagnostic accuracy?" Quality of included studies was rated using a modified version of the QUADOMICS tool. Meta-analysis was conducted whenever possible. After the screening of 1,554 titles, 15 studies were selected, with sample size ranging from 30 to 93 subjects. Eleven studies performed targeted metabolomics analysis and provided data for 10 metabolites. Among the most consistent markers, malondialdehyde levels were found higher in the P group compared with H group (SMD = 2.86; 95% CI: 1.64, 4.08). Also, a significant increase of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, 4-hydroxynonenal, and neopterin was detected in periodontally diseased sites, while glutathione showed an inverse trend. When considering data from untargeted metabolomic analysis in four studies, more than 40 metabolites were found significantly discriminant, mainly related to amino acids and lipids degradation pathways. Notably, only one study reported measures of diagnostic accuracy. Several metabolites were differentially expressed in GCF of subjects across different periodontal conditions, having a major potential for investigating periodontal pathophysiology and for site-specific diagnosis. Oxidative stress-related molecules, such as malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, were the most consistently associated to periodontitis (PROSPERO CRD42020188482).

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Salivary metabolomics for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases: a systematic review with methodological quality assessment

Cited by 37 publications

References 84 publications

Impact of Probiotics on the Salivary Microbiota and Salivary Levels of Inflammation-Related Proteins during Short-Term Sugar Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Impact of Probiotics on the Salivary Microbiota and Salivary Levels of Inflammation-Related Proteins during Short-Term Sugar Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Taxonomic and Gene Category Analyses of Subgingival Plaques from a Group of Japanese Individuals with and without Periodontitis

Metabolomics of gingival crevicular fluid to identify biomarkers for periodontitis: A systematic review with meta‐analysis

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