Salivary immunoglobulin classes in Nigerian cigarette smokers: Indication for increased risk of oral diseases

Abstract

Background:Cigarette smoking is a worldwide social epidemic and it is one of the main causes of preventable death and disability. Gingivitis, periodontitis, pocket depth, attachment loss, alveolar bone loss, and tooth loss are some of oral pathologies commonly found in cigarette smokers. The aim of this study was to explore, for the first time among Nigerians, the interplay between components of cigarette smoke and salivary levels of immunoglobulin classes so as to provide oral immunological based reasons for oral diseases in cigarette smokers.Materials and Methods:In this case-control study, 5 mL of unstimulated saliva was collected in plain sample bottles from 24 active smokers who smoke at least 6 sticks of cigarette per day and 21 sex and age-matched non-smokers who were apparently healthy. The samples were spun and supernatant stored at -20°C until assayed. The immunoglobulin levels of the samples were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Student's t-test (unpaired) was used to determine significant differences between the two groups. P values less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results:No significant differences were observed in the mean salivary levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE. Only IgM was significantly lower in smokers compared with non-smokers (P = 0.038). The proportion of smokers with detectable level of salivary IgE was lower compared with controls.Conclusion:Our study showed that there is decreased salivary IgM in smokers. This observation suggests that reduced salivary immunoglobulin level of IgM might be involved in the pathogenesis of oral diseases in cigarette smokers.

Cigarette smoking differentially affects immunoglobulin class levels in serum and saliva: An investigation and review

“…The aim of the present study was therefore to compare concentrations of IgD, as well as IgG, IgA and IgM, in both serum and saliva samples from smoking and non‐smoking individuals. Furthermore, this was undertaken using a protein microarray assay to quantify the Ig class levels—this relatively recent technique was not used in any of the previous studies referred to above . The protein microarray used was essentially a miniaturized version of a sandwich/capture ELISA.…”

“…non-smokers, Igs have been quantified by ELISA, 15 immunodiffusion assay, 16 nephelometry, [17][18][19] radioimmunoassay 20 and turbidimetry. 21,22 Investigations of Ig levels in the saliva of smokers and non-smokers have been carried out using mainly ELISA, [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] although immunodiffusion assays [30][31][32] or turbidimetry 33 have also been used. These studies have generated varying results concerning the effects of smoking on the concentrations of different Ig classes (IgG, IgA, IgM) in serum or saliva, reporting that smoking is associated with increased, decreased or unchanged Ig class concentrations compared to non-smoking controls.…”

“…Furthermore, this was undertaken using a protein microarray assay to quantify the Ig class levels-this relatively recent technique was not used in any of the previous studies referred to above. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] The protein microarray used was essentially a miniaturized version of a sandwich/capture ELISA. However, in comparison with ELISAs, microarrays require smaller sample volumes, are more sensitive and have a greater dynamic range.…”

Immunoglobulin levels in maternal blood, cord blood and breast milk of Nigerian pregnant women using hydroquinone and non-hydroquinone containing skin lightening creams

“…Levels of immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA and IgM) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as previously described [9]. A fixed volume per well of appropriate sample dilution buffer, antigen standard cocktail, or an experimental sample was pipetted into microtiter plates.…”

Altered Antigenic Profiling and Infectivity of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Smokers and Non‐Smokers With Periodontitis

“…Similar sample sizes have previously been shown to be adequate to determine statistically significant differences in antibody titers between smokers and non-smokers. [19][20][21][22][23] Differences in cotinine levels among groups were determined by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Differences in P. gingivalis infection rates were determined using the Fisher exact test.…”