Salivary IgA as a Useful Biomarker for Dental Caries in Down Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Hamid, Hiba; Adanir, Necdet; Asiri, Faris Yahya; Abid, Khadijah; Zafar, Muhammad Sohail; Khurshid, Zohaib

doi:10.1055/s-0040-1716443

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“… 21 The specificity of IgA action represents the main specific defense mechanism in the oral cavity. 22 In conjunction with other antimicrobial substances, the IgA action limits microbial adherence to epithelial and tooth surfaces helping to maintain the oral cavity stable. 23 24 25 Smoking was also associated to lower salivary cystatin activity and cystatin C 26 that contributes to oral health by inhibiting certain proteolytic enzymes suggested to have a contributory effect on caries lesion formation when in interaction with acid demineralization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Smoking Habits on the Prevalence of Dental Caries: A Register-Based Cohort Study

Nobre

Sezinando²,

Fernandes

et al. 2021

Eur J Dent

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Objective The study aimed to evaluate the influence of smoking habit on the prevalence of dental caries lesions in a follow-up study. Materials and Methods A total of 3,675 patients (2,186 females and 1,489 males) with an average age of 51.4 years were included. Outcome measures were the incidence of dental caries defined as incipient noncavitated, microcavitated, or cavitated lesions which had been diagnosed through clinical observation with mouth mirror and probe examination evaluating change of texture, translucency, and color; radiographic examination through bitewing radiographs; or secondary caries through placement of a new restoration during the follow-up of the study. Statistical Analysis Cumulative survival (time elapsed with absence of dental caries) was estimated through the Kaplan–Meier product limit estimator with comparison of survival curves (log-rank test). A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the effect of smoking on the incidence of dental caries lesions when controlled to age, gender, systemic status, frequency of dental hygiene appointments, and socioeconomic status. The significance level was set at 5%. Results Eight hundred sixty-three patients developed caries (23.5% incidence rate). The cumulative survival estimation was 81.8% and 48% survival rate for nonsmokers and smokers, respectively (p < 0.001), with an average of 13.5 months between the healthy and diseased state diagnosis. Smokers registered a hazard ratio for dental caries lesions of 1.32 (p = 0.001) when controlled for the other variables of interest. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that smoking habit might be a predictor for dental caries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Smoking Habits on the Prevalence of Dental Caries: A Register-Based Cohort Study

Nobre

Sezinando²,

Fernandes

et al. 2021

Eur J Dent

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“…Children affected with Down syndrome present with various signs and symptoms. They may have skin and skeletal disorders; mental retardation; hearing anomalies; congenital heart disease; retarded physical growth; dysfunction of temporomandibular joint; retarded maxillary growth; flat facial appearance; malocclusion; macroglossia; delayed eruption of tooth; dental agenesis; dental ailments like periodontal diseases; deformed ears; slanting eyes; cardiovascular and neural disorders; and reduced muscular tone [2].…”

Section: General Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Down syndrome (DS) is known as the most prevalent autosomal genetic anomaly affecting children of mothers who are aged more than 35 years [1]. It results from trisomy affecting chromosome 21, resulting in various developmental and physical characteristic features [2]. The prevalence rate of DS is found to be approximately 1 in 800-1200 live births worldwide [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dental Caries and Salivary Immunoglobulin A in Down Syndrome

Najmuddin,

Devang,

Sola Arulogun

2024

TIJPH

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Down syndrome (DS) is defined as trisomy chromosome 21, which is observed to be the most prevalent autosomal genetic anomaly. Salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays an important role in defence mechanism against the microbial pathogens that can invade the surface of mucosa. In children with DS, raised sIgA levels cause an increase in immune mechanism against dental caries. The evidence about the salivary IgA levels in children suffering from Down syndrome is contradictory and limited in the literature. Thus, there is a terrible requirement to conduct more longitudinal prospective studies on saliva of DS patients taking large sample sizes to assess the molecular interactions. The present review is aimed to evaluate the association of Dental caries and salivary immunoglobulin A in Down syndrome individuals. The sources were searched from a database of PubMed from 2004 to 2023 (last 19 years). The inclusion criteria included key words of microdontia, delayed eruption, dental anomalies, retained teeth, anodontia, fissured lip and tongue, macroglossia, hypodontia in Down syndrome. The 22 articles that met the selection criteria (most of them were review article and some observational studies) were included to this review, of which some of the studies have been conducted to assess the role of sIgA in relation to dental caries and observed that increased sIgA levels decrease the rate of incidence of dental caries. The present review revealed that patients suffering with Down syndrome are at an increased risk of dental caries because of impaired motor activities, malocclusion and affected quality of life.

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“…Additionally, some studies suggest that individuals with DS exhibit elevated levels of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which inhibits the adhesion of bacteria responsible for dental caries to the tooth surface. This mechanism not only neutralizes extracellular enzymes involved in the caries process but also plays a crucial role in minimizing caries-related factors in individuals with DS [59]. In addition, research suggests that DS children exhibit reduced genotypic diversity and lower counts of Streptococcus mutans, resulting in decreased acidogenicity [60].…”

Section: Susceptibility To Cariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship Between Oral Health and Down Syndrome

Botero,

Rodríguez-Medina,

Amaya-Sanchez

et al. 2024

Curr Oral Health Rep

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Purpose of Review Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) may be more susceptible to oral disorders as a result of a combination of genetic factors, immunological disturbances, anatomical anomalies, and probable difficulties in maintaining adequate oral hygiene. Within this context, we provide a comprehensive review of the most important relationships between oral health and Down syndrome. Recent Findings Recent investigations suggest that a diminished diversity in the oral microbiome could emerge as a critical factor affecting oral health in individuals with DS. Plausible anatomical and metabolic peculiarities inherent to DS, including alterations in salivary characteristics, the presence of obstructive sleep apnea, elevated end glycation product levels, and hypothyroidism, may exert a significant influence on the composition and dynamics of the oral microbiome. A comprehensive analysis of the evidence implies a reduced occurrence of caries in individuals with DS. Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis indicates that gingivitis (OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.09–3.41) and periodontitis (OR 3.93; 95% CI 1.81–8.53) are more frequent in people with DS and strongly associated. Oral function in DS is also affected resulting in speech, breathing and eating problems. These findings underscore the necessity to implement targeted educational and awareness programs, along with specific intervention protocols, for the younger generations of individuals with DS, their families, and caregivers. Summary Although trisomy 21 itself does not determine a specific cause of oral diseases in DS, common oral health conditions such as gingivitis, periodontitis, and caries remain a matter of concern. The nexus between insufficient plaque control, distinctive oral characteristics, and reluctance to engage in treatment persists as noteworthy determinants. The necessity for oral health professionals to exercise patience and commitment when addressing oral care for individuals with Down syndrome is crucial.

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Salivary IgA as a Useful Biomarker for Dental Caries in Down Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Influence of Smoking Habits on the Prevalence of Dental Caries: A Register-Based Cohort Study

Influence of Smoking Habits on the Prevalence of Dental Caries: A Register-Based Cohort Study

Dental Caries and Salivary Immunoglobulin A in Down Syndrome

A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship Between Oral Health and Down Syndrome

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