Salivary Glands, Saliva and Oral Findings in COVID-19 Infection

Pedrosa, Marlus da Silva; Sipert, Carla Renata; Nogueira, Fernando

doi:10.1590/pboci.2020.112

Cited by 25 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, inflammatory and infectious procedures have been noted as factors influencing reduced saliva. As a result, the possibility of quantitative and qualitative salivary disorders due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the salivary gland should be taken into consideration [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xerostomia (dry mouth) in Patients With COVID-19: A Case Series

et al. 2021

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Introduction: Dry mouth has been reported as a symptom of COVID-19. In this study, xerostomia (dry mouth) was reported in patients with COVID-19. Materials & methods: Dry mouth was assessed in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 daily until all of the dry mouth symptoms resolved. Results: Dry mouth appeared in 60% of cases 3–4 days before as prodromal symptom and in others, simultaneously or 1–2 days after the onset of other symptoms. In most cases, with starting the treatment, dry mouth gradually disappeared. Conclusion: Xerostomia in COVID-19 could occur before the common symptoms. Therefore, it could be hypothesized that it could be used for early diagnosis, quarantine and treatment. As a result, disease transmission might be prevented and the best treatment outcomes could be achieved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xerostomia (dry mouth) in Patients With COVID-19: A Case Series

et al. 2021

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“…In fact, SARS-CoV-2 is consistently detected in saliva of COVID-19 patients with high viral loads [ 9 , 10 ]. Given the specific expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in taste cells and salivary glands, SARS-CoV-2 infection is presumed to affect gustatory function and saliva secretion [ 11 , 12 ]. The oral cavity susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 is considered to not only provide the potential site of human-to-human viral transmission but also present symptoms characterizing COVID-19 [ 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Symptoms Associated with COVID-19 and Their Pathogenic Mechanisms: A Literature Review

Tsuchiya

2021

Dentistry Journal

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Since the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been challenging for healthcare providers. The oral cavity is referred to as a target of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study was to review oral symptoms specific to COVID-19 patients from the point of view of symptom prevalence and pathogenesis and to speculate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying them. Scientific articles were retrieved by searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, medRxiv, and bioRxiv from 3 February 2020 to 31 December 2020, and they were reviewed by title, abstract, and text for relevance. The literature search indicated that COVID-19 patients frequently present with gustatory dysfunction, xerostomia, and oral mucosal lesions, while their prevalence is likely to vary by country, age, gender, and disease severity. Gustatory dysfunction and xerostomia appear at an early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection and last relatively long. One of possible pathogenic mechanisms of both symptoms is attributed to the expression of viral cellular entry-relevant receptors in taste cells and salivary glands. Dental professionals who can first become aware of oral symptoms associated with COVID-19 will play a more active role in and make a greater contribution to diagnosis and prevention of COVID-19.

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“…COVID-19 patients often experience periodontal disease [ 65 , 66 ], and vascular [ 67 , 68 ] and gastrointestinal (GI) [ 69 , 70 ] complications, perhaps because ACE2 receptors are widely expressed among these tissues [ 71 , 72 ]. A hyposalivation symptom is exhibited highly in COVID-19 patients [ 73 , 74 ]. Hyposalivation is severe in older ages and can be linked to higher COVID-19 infection and mortality rate [ 74 ].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Infection In Oral and Overall Body Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A hyposalivation symptom is exhibited highly in COVID-19 patients [ 73 , 74 ]. Hyposalivation is severe in older ages and can be linked to higher COVID-19 infection and mortality rate [ 74 ]. ACE-2 has been reported to be present in epithelial cells of the salivary gland and clinical manifestation observed in COVID-19 patients has been linked to xerostomia [ 75 ].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Infection In Oral and Overall Body Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Oral Health: Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges

Coke

Davison

Fields

et al. 2021

JCM

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The novel corona virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease it causes, COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) have had multi-faceted effects on a number of lives on a global scale both directly and indirectly. A growing body of evidence suggest that COVID-19 patients experience several oral health problems such as dry mouth, mucosal blistering, mouth rash, lip necrosis, and loss of taste and smell. Periodontal disease (PD), a severe inflammatory gum disease, may worsen the symptoms associated with COVID-19. Routine dental and periodontal treatment may help decrease the symptoms of COVID-19. PD is more prevalent among patients experiencing metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk. Studies have shown that these patients are highly susceptible for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress known to contribute to the development of PD and other metabolic diseases are highly elevated among COVID-19 patients. Periodontal health may help to determine the severity of COVID-19 infection. Accumulating evidence shows that African-Americans (AAs) and vulnerable populations are disproportionately susceptible to PD, metabolic diseases and COVID-19 compared to other ethnicities in the United States. Dentistry and dental healthcare professionals are particularly susceptible to this virus due to the transferability via the oral cavity and the use of aerosol creating instruments that are ubiquitous in this field. In this review, we attempt to provide a comprehensive and updated source of information about SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and the various effects it has had on the dental profession and patients visits to dental clinics. Finally, this review is a valuable resource for the management of oral hygiene and reduction of the severity of infection.

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Salivary Glands, Saliva and Oral Findings in COVID-19 Infection

Cited by 25 publications

References 49 publications

Xerostomia (dry mouth) in Patients With COVID-19: A Case Series

Xerostomia (dry mouth) in Patients With COVID-19: A Case Series

Oral Symptoms Associated with COVID-19 and Their Pathogenic Mechanisms: A Literature Review

SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Oral Health: Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges

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