Salivary cortisol in stallions: the relationship with plasma levels, daytime profile and changes in response to semen sollection

Lebelt, Dirk; Schönreiter, Sandra; Zanella, A. J.

doi:10.21836/pem19960407

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Plasma cortisol in normal horses usually shows high values in the morning. In contrast to earlier findings (Lebelt et al 1996), we were unable to demonstrate a diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol. The horse has relatively low concentrations of cortisolbinding globulin (Seal and Doe 1965).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…The percentage salivary cortisol present in normal horses in this study was 1.20 ± 0.37%, which was lower than the 3-5% reported previously (Lebelt et al 1996). The correlation coefficient of 0.93 between plasma and salivary cortisol concentration at 0600 h in normal horses is in accordance with the value of 0.83 reported by others (Lebelt et al 1996).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Salivary and plasma concentration of cortisol in normal horses and horses with Cushing's disease

Kolk

Schott

et al. 2001

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Salivary and plasma concentration of cortisol in normal horses and horses with Cushing's disease

Kolk

Schott

et al. 2001

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Consequently, use of a less invasive sampling method is advised. Salivary cortisol levels have been used in horses, however, contradictory results have been reported when compared with blood sampling, with reports of both correlations and no correlations between salivary and plasma cortisol [ 100 , 101 ]. This discrepancy could be due to the limited sensitivity and specificity of assays of saliva samples and the role that corticosteroid binding globulins have in plasma cortisol levels [ 102 , 103 ]: Plasma cortisol measurements are measures of total bound and unbound cortisol levels whereas salivary cortisol measures are measures of free levels of cortisol [ 102 , 103 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low plasma cortisol and fecal cortisol metabolite measures as indicators of compromised welfare in domestic horses (Equus caballus)

et al. 2017

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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to chronic stress is far from straight forward, particularly with regards to animal welfare. There are reports of no effect as well as both decreases and increases in cortisol after chronic stressors. Therefore, the first aim of the present study was to determine how measures of compromised welfare, such as chronic pain and haematological anomalies, related to cortisol levels in domestic horses (Equus caballus). Domestic horses are an informative model to investigate the impact of chronic stress (due to environment, pain, work, housing conditions…) on the HPA axis. The second aim was to determine whether levels of fecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) may be used as an indicator of welfare measures. The present study used fifty-nine horses (44 geldings and 15 mares), from three riding centres in Brittany, France. The primary findings show that horses whose welfare was clearly compromised (as indicated by an unusual ears backward position, presence of vertebral problems or haematological anomalies, e.g. anaemia) also had lower levels of both FCM and plasma cortisol. This work extends our previous findings showing that withdrawn postures, indicators of depressive-like behavior in horses, are associated with lower plasma cortisol levels. We also found that evening plasma cortisol levels positively correlated with FCM levels in horses. Future research aims to determine the extent to which factors of influence on welfare, such as living conditions (e.g. single stalls versus group housing in pasture or paddocks), early life factors, and human interaction, act as mediators of cortisol levels in horses.

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“…Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal glands with a circadian rhythm having its highest values in the morning in diurnal animals such as horses (Stull and Rodiek, 1988;Cavallone et al, 2002). Each blood collection was performed at 9 AM and therefore should have been at the peak value (Lebelt et al, 1996). The serum cortisol concentrations for all foals in this study increased significantly 24 hours after weaning when compared with baseline but nonetheless stayed within normal values, with no significant difference between treatment groups.…”

Section: Cortisol Valuesmentioning

confidence: 72%

Behavioral and physiological responses of weaned foals treated with equine appeasing pheromone: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial

Berger

Spier

Davies

et al. 2013

Journal of Veterinary Behavior

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Weaning, particularly the widespread practice of abrupt separation of the mare and foal, has been shown to be a stressful event for horses. Physiological changes in foals measured after weaning include increased blood cortisol concentrations and a subsequent decrease in cell-mediated immune responses. In the randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial reported here, we assessed the effect of an equine appeasing pheromone (EAP; Modipher EQ, E.A.P. Mist [Pherosynthese s.n.c., Le Rieu Neuf, Saint-Saturnin-les-Apt, France]) as an aid for reducing the behavioral and physiological signs of stress during weaning. Fourteen quarter horse foals were separated from their dam (equid mother) between 105 and 146 days of age, in age-matched pairs, and placed in 3.66 ! 3.66 m stalls (one treated and one control foal in each stall). Treated foals received the synthetic analogue of the EAP by intranasal wipe 30 minutes before separation and twice daily thereafter for 48 hours. Control foals received placebo by intranasal wipe on the same schedule. The foals were continuously videotaped for 48 hours postweaning to monitor behavioral responses. Blood samples were drawn 24 hours pretreatment and 24 and 48 hours postweaning for evaluation of physiological indicators of stress (serum cortisol) and cytokines as stress-related and immune-mediated response parameters. Interestingly, although behavioral and serum cortisol measures were similar between groups, treatment with EAP had a significant (P , 0.05) effect on interleukin 6 and transforming growth factor b, whereas monocyte opiate receptor 1 was significantly upregulated in both groups independent of treatment when compared with baseline values. Although the link between EAP treatment and activation of the measured cytokines remains unexplained, our findings suggest immune-related gene transcription focused on the acute causes of stress in a time frame shortly after weaning.

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Salivary cortisol in stallions: the relationship with plasma levels, daytime profile and changes in response to semen sollection

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Salivary and plasma concentration of cortisol in normal horses and horses with Cushing's disease

Salivary and plasma concentration of cortisol in normal horses and horses with Cushing's disease

Low plasma cortisol and fecal cortisol metabolite measures as indicators of compromised welfare in domestic horses (Equus caballus)

Behavioral and physiological responses of weaned foals treated with equine appeasing pheromone: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial

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