Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research

Hellhammer, Dirk H.; Wüst, Stefan; Kudielka, Brigitte M.

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026

Cited by 1,439 publications

(1,116 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The HPA axis response is complex and controlled by multiple factors. Although salivary cortisol is considered the measure of choice, measurements of ACTH and total cortisol in blood might have added useful information (Hellhammer et al 2009). We believe that the early stress-induced increase in MMP-9, MMP-8 and MPO mainly reflects neutrophil activation.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress-induced release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with coronary artery disease: The possible influence of cortisol

Lundberg

Jonsson

Stenmark

et al. 2016

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Stress-induced release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with coronary artery disease: The possible influence of cortisol, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2016. 73() AbstractStress and inflammation are both important risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the susceptibility to stress-induced inflammation and its determinants have been little explored in patients with CAD. Here, our aim was to study the stress-induced inflammatory response, more precisely the early release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and its association with cortisol response in patients with CAD. Sixty-four patients underwent a standardized laboratory stress test.The stress-induced release of MMP-9 was closely associated with the release of other neutrophilassociated proteins, MMP-8 and myeloperoxidase (MPO). It also showed a large variation among patients, as did cortisol. Twenty minutes after stress, a negative association between changes in MMP-9 and cortisol was seen (p<0.01). In vitro, dexamethasone reduced the IL-8-mediated release of MMP-9 from neutrophils, indicating that glucocorticoids may exert rapid effects on neutrophil activation. Further characterization of patients revealed that stress-induced release of MMP-9 was related to leukocyte telomere shortening and increased ultrasound-assessed plaque occurrence in the carotid arteries, but not to other characteristics such as age, gender or psychological background factors. The susceptibility to stress-induced release of MMP-9 may thus have impact on disease phenotype. Stress tests can be useful to identify CAD patients in need of novel prevention and treatment strategies.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress-induced release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with coronary artery disease: The possible influence of cortisol

Lundberg

Jonsson

Stenmark

et al. 2016

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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“…The CRH and AVP secretion to pituitary blood vessels brings about the release of ACTH from the pituitary gland frontal lobe into peripheral circulation. Through circulation, the ACTH travels to adrenal cells where it stimulates the synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids (1)(2)(3)(4). Glucocorticoids are steroids by nature, they are created from cholesterol and make their effect through specific receptors located in the cytoplasm of target cells.…”

Section: Physiological Aspects Of the Stress Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers of Stress in Saliva / Biomarkeri stresa u pljuvački

Ivković¹,

Božović²,

Račić³

et al. 2015

Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis

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Stress is defined as a state in which homeostasis, as a dynamic balance of internal conditions necessary for the proper functioning of cells or the living organism as a whole, is affected by the action of various stressors. Stress reaction occurs as a result of stress system activities, which is located in the central and peripheral nervous system. Stress evaluation involves a qualitative and quantitative analyses and valuation of certain biologically active substances (biomarkers of stress) in body fluids that are so often associated with stress. Saliva as a diagnostic medium is being increasingly used for purposes of clinical and basic research because of its composition and content as well as the advantages of the process of sampling, as compared to traditional methods of collecting blood samples and urine samples. Cortisol, as a biomarker of stress, is the most often studied salivary biomarker, which is associated with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis. Since stress leads to the suppression of the immune system, values of salivary secretory IgA and salivary lysozyme, as biomarkers of stress, can be analyzed. In saliva, it is difficult to monitor acute stress parameters, catecholamines, due to their low concentrations, rapid degradation and instability in the samples. Chromogranin A (CgA) and α-amylase enzyme can be used as alternative indices of adrenergic activity during stress reactions, due to their stability in saliva and reliability of the obtained values.Stress reaction and the diseases in whose pathogenesis it participates are yet another proof of the constant interaction of physical, psychological and social factors in health / disease.

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“…Specifically, while the former assesses the relative influences of sympathetic and vagal branches over heart beat-to-beat activity (ESC, 1996); the latter increases as a stress response to negative and unpleasant stimuli (Hellhammer et al, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polarity- and valence-dependent effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on heart rate variability and salivary cortisol

Brunoni

Vanderhasselt

Boggio

et al. 2013

Psychoneuroendocrinology

118

115

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Recent evidence has supported the notion that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and the sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM) systems are modulated by cortical structures such as the prefrontal cortex. This top-down modulation may play a major role in the neuroendocrine changes associated with stressful events. We aimed to investigate further this hypothesis by modulating directly prefrontal cortex excitability using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) -a non-invasive, neuromodulatory tool that induces polaritydependent changes in cortical excitability -and measuring effects on salivary cortisol and heart rate variability as proxies of the HPA and SAM systems. Twenty healthy participants with no clinical and neuropsychiatric conditions were randomized to receive bifrontal tDCS (left anodal/right cathodal or left cathodal/right anodal) or sham stimulation, in a withinsubject design. During each stimulation session, after a resting period, subjects were shown images with neutral or negative valence. Our findings showed that excitability enhancing left anodal tDCS induced a decrease in cortisol levels. This effect is more pronounced during emotional negative stimuli. Moreover, vagal activity was higher during left anodal tDCS and emotional negative stimuli, as compared to sham stimulation and neutral images. We also observed an association between higher mood scores, higher vagal activation and lower cortisol levels for anodal stimulation. Subjective mood and anxiety evaluation revealed no specific changes after stimulation. Our findings suggest that tDCS induced transient, polarity specific modulatory top-down effects with anodal tDCS leading to a down-regulation of HPA and SAM systems. Further research using tDCS and neuroendocrine markers should explore the mechanisms of stress regulation in healthy and clinical samples.3

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Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research

Cited by 1,439 publications

References 85 publications

Stress-induced release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with coronary artery disease: The possible influence of cortisol

Stress-induced release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with coronary artery disease: The possible influence of cortisol

Biomarkers of Stress in Saliva / Biomarkeri stresa u pljuvački

Polarity- and valence-dependent effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on heart rate variability and salivary cortisol

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