Salivary biomarkers in burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Fernández‐Agra, María; González‐Serrano, José; Pedro, Miguel de; Virto, Leire; Caponio, Vito Carlo Alberto; Ibáñez‐Prieto, Elena; Hernández, Gonzalo; López‐Pintor, Rosa María

doi:10.1111/odi.14390

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…In this systematic review, our results showed this biomarker in saliva was significantly higher in patients with BMS compared with healthy people. This result was in line with the previous meta‐analysis study which showed the relationship between BMS and biomarker of cortisol 67 . Furthermore, the level of anxiety was also statistically higher in BMS individuals, which indicated that it may be related with the level of cortisol.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…This result was in line with the previous meta-analysis study which showed the relationship between BMS and biomarker of cortisol. 67 Furthermore, the level of anxiety was also statistically higher in BMS individuals, which indicated that it may be related with the level of cortisol. The neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of cortisol might be alleviated in response to increase the salivary cortisol levels, contributing to the chronic pain of BMS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Salivary and serum biomarkers to evaluate psychological disorders in burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

He,

Huoshen,

et al. 2024

J Oral Pathology Medicine

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BackgroundBurning mouth syndrome is a chronic pain syndrome mainly characterized by an intensive burning sensation of tongue. Previous studies have suggested that saliva/serum biomarkers in burning mouth syndrome might be associated with psychological disorders. The aim of systematic review was to observe whether the biomarkers in serum/saliva could be an alternative method to evaluate the psychological disorders in patients with burning mouth syndrome.Materials and MethodsThe PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for papers published up to March 15, 2023. Risk of bias was measured by using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. RevMan was used for meta‐analysis.ResultsA total of 467 articles were screened, which of 12 studies were included. These studies collected 43 different biomarkers in saliva and 35 in serum. Of these biomarkers, only three (cortisol, α‐amylase, and IL‐6) were analyzed in two or more studies. Only salivary cortisol levels were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the controls (Mean Difference = 1.39; 95% CI [0.80–1.97]; p < 0.001). Moreover, cortisol might be relevant to psychological scores, especially anxiety.ConclusionDifferent papers have investigated salivary and serum biomarkers in burning mouth syndrome patients with controversial results. This meta‐analysis showed that cortisol levels in saliva may be a potential biomarker to assess the psychological disorders in burning mouth syndrome patients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Salivary and serum biomarkers to evaluate psychological disorders in burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

He,

Huoshen,

et al. 2024

J Oral Pathology Medicine

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“…Cortisol is a hormone released by the adrenal cortex which regulates homeostasis during emotional and physical stress. Cortisol, along with αamylase, has been studied as a major biomarker of BMS [25]. Patients with BMS presented higher salivary cortisol levels than the control group [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The levels of T3, T4, and TSH have been studied to in uence the presence or severity of BMS symptoms [31]. However, a recent systematic review examined the usefulness of 54 biomarkers, which are largely divided into (1) pain biomarkers (including estradiol, progesterone, DHEA, and substance P), (2) stress biomarkers (including cortisol and α-amylase), (3) in ammatory biomarkers, (4) trace elements, anions, and chemical compounds; and (5) others, among whom only stress biomarkers were reliable [25]. In this study, the presence of psychological stress was found to further enhance cortisol's role as a predictor of BMS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological stress, cortisol, ACTH, and cortisol/ACTH ratio associated with burning mouth syndrome

Lee

Chon

2023

Preprint

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Objective Clinical characteristics of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) were compared in the presence or absence of psychological stress to investigate the clinical, psychological, and haematological indicators. Methods Among 141 BMS patients (117 females, 82.98%; 56.4 ± 12.89 years), inter- and intra-group statistical analyses were conducted according to the presence or absence of psychological stress; BMS patients were divided into psychological-stress (n = 68; 55 females, 56.39 ± 12.89 years) and non-psychological stress group (n = 73; 62 females, 56.03 ± 14.90 years). Results Prevalence of xerostomia was higher in the psychological-stress group than in the non-psychological-stress group (67.6% vs. 34.2%, p < 0.001), and the unstimulated salivary flow rate was respectively lower (1.97 ± 1.79 vs. 2.74 ± 1.59 mL/min, p < 0.01). The SCL-90R subscale values, including somatization, hostility, anxiety, and depression, were higher in the psychological- than in the non-psychological-stress group (all p < 0.05); the cortisol level, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level, cortisol/ACTH ratio, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level were respectively higher (all p < 0.05). Above-mean values of cortisol (AUC = 0.980, 95%CI: 0.959–1.000) and cortisol/DHEA ratio (AUC = 0.779, 95%CI: 0.701–0.856) were excellent predictors of psychological stress. The strongest correlation was obtained for cortisol (r = 0.831, p < 0.01), while cortisol/DHEA ratio (r = 0.482, p < 0.01) showed substantial correlation. Conclusion In BMS patients, xerostomia, decreased salivary flow rate, and increased cortisol and cortisol/DHEA ratios were associated with psychological stress, highlighting psycho-neuro-endocrinological features.

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“… 32 Generally, compared with healthy people, patients with BMS have lower levels of DHEA and higher levels of cortisol. 33 , 34 Therefore, salivary cortisol and DHEA can be used as saliva biomarkers to evaluate stress in patients with oral mucosal diseases.…”

Section: Neurobiological Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral mucosal diseases and psychosocial factors: progress in related neurobiological mechanisms

Zhou,

Lin

2023

J Int Med Res

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The aetiology of oral mucosal diseases, such as recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), oral lichen planus (OLP) and burning mouth syndrome (BMS), involves many factors, and it remains difficult for clinicians to effectively relieve disease symptoms and formulate coping strategies. With the rapid development of psychology, the role of mental and psychological factors in RAU, OLP and BMS has gradually attracted researchers attention, but the specific mechanism has not been completely determined. This narrative review describes the potential neurobiological mechanism of oral mucosal diseases and detailed psychological factors after introducing relevant research into psychological factors and oral mucosal diseases. Future research strategies and innovations needed to understand and treat oral mucosal diseases and psychological factors, as well as how to prevent oral mucosal diseases by regulation of the neuroendocrine system, are also discussed.

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Salivary biomarkers in burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Cited by 8 publications

References 60 publications

Salivary and serum biomarkers to evaluate psychological disorders in burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Salivary and serum biomarkers to evaluate psychological disorders in burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Psychological stress, cortisol, ACTH, and cortisol/ACTH ratio associated with burning mouth syndrome

Oral mucosal diseases and psychosocial factors: progress in related neurobiological mechanisms

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