Salivary and Serum Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in Diabetic Patients with Periodontal Disease: A Review Article

Abstract

Context: Periodontal disease is a complication of diabetes mellitus. Both periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus stimulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the salivary and serum levels of interleukin (IL-6) and IL-8 levels in type II diabetic patients with periodontal disease. Data Sources: The present study is a narrative review. A literature review was conducted using the electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar as well as Persian databases such as SID, Magiran, and IranMedex from 2005 to 2019, particularly the last 10 years. The appropriate keywords were searched, including “Diabetes Mellitus”, “IL-6”, “IL-8”, Periodontal Disease”, “Saliva”, and “Serum”. Results: The present study analyzed four articles from the case-control series, including 42 to 90 patients. The results showed that the level of salivary concentration of IL-6 was increased in patients with periodontal disease with/without diabetes mellitus. A marginally statically significant correlation was found in salivary and serum levels of IL-6 after applying spearman’s nonparametric test. However, the relevant serum analysis showed only a minor influence of type II diabetes and periodontal disease on IL-6 serum levels. There was no significant difference between the periodontitis patients and IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels. A positive correlation was found between glycemic control and the severity of periodontal disease. Conclusions: The intensity of periodontal disease was high in patients with type II diabetes, underlining the need for special oral health care for these patients. The level of salivary IL-6 can be considered as a main biomarker in the diagnosis of diabetes and periodontal disease. The serum levels of the IL-6 and IL-8 showed no significant difference in patients with periodontitis.

Relationship between salivary levels of interleukin‐8 and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes

“…The present study was conducted on the diabetic patients without any periodontal problems. Some studies were evaluated the IL‐8 levels, as an inflammatory element, in diabetic individuals with periodontitis, although no association was reported between periodontitis and IL‐8 level in diabetic patients 21,22 …”

“…Some studies were evaluated the IL-8 levels, as an inflammatory element, in diabetic individuals with periodontitis, although no association was reported between periodontitis and IL-8 level in diabetic patients. 21,22 Since glucose binds to haemoglobin and other proteins, HbA1c is a good indicator of long-term blood sugar control, 23 so some studies evaluated its relationship with cytokines levels. 24,25 In the present study, there was not any correlation between the glycemic control levels (based on HbA1c) and IL-8 concentration.…”

“…8 IL-8 is an inflammatory chemokine, that is largely involved in the systemic immunity, infiltration of macrophages and activation of lipid tissues and may have an important role in the pathogenesis and complications of type 2 diabetes. 22,26,27 However, the role of IL-8 in the pathogenesis of diabetes is still controversial, it seems that at high glucose levels, monocytes bound to endothelial cells and produce IL-8, 10 subsequently increasing IL-8 concentration accelerates inflammatory reactions in diabetic patients.…”

Evaluation of TNF‐α and IL‐6 in saliva among diabetic retinopathy patients in East Coast Malaysia

“…DM is one of the main risk factors of periodontitis. Both periodontitis and DM stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines [28]. High levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in saliva may not be only attributed to DM, but also arise owing to periodontitis, since we also included patients with mild-to-moderate periodontitis.…”

Salivary Immune Parameters as A Predictor of Oral Diseases

“…Patients with type 2 diabetes have a shift in monocyte/macrophage function, which leads to an overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to periodontal pathogens [14]. In diabetic individuals, greater levels of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been detected, and a higher level of serum IL-6 has been linked to diabetes [15]. IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine generated by macrophages, neutrophils, and endothelial cells, among other cells [16].…”