Salivary and serum concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, macrophage inhibitory factor, and fractalkine in relation to rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis

Abstract

Background Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and fractalkine are chemokines that are expressed by a variety of cell types to regulate macrophage inflammatory response. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on their serum and salivary concentrations. Methods Adults with either periodontitis (P, n = 21), or with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 23), or with both diseases (RA+P, n = 23) were included in the study. Systemically and periodontally healthy individuals (n = 22) served as controls. Saliva and serum samples were collected from all participants before the medical and periodontal examinations. Salivary and serum MCP‐1, MIF, and fractalkine concentrations were measured by the Luminex technique. Total salivary protein levels were determined by the Bradford assay. Results Salivary MCP‐1, MIF, and fractalkine concentrations were elevated in both RA groups (RA+P and RA) in comparison with systemically healthy controls. As related to total salivary protein levels, higher MCP‐1 (P = 0.003) and fractalkine (P = 0.045) concentrations were found in controls compared with the P group. In serum, MCP‐1 concentrations in the RA+P group were higher (P = 0.003) than those of group P. Elevated serum fractalkine concentrations were observed in both periodontitis groups (RA+P, P = 0.014; and P, P = 0.013) compared with controls. Conclusions In RA, MCP‐1, MIF, and fractalkine concentrations are elevated in saliva. These chemokines may disrupt oral macrophage responses and potentially take part in the interaction between periodontitis and RA.

M2 macrophages with inflammation tropism facilitate cementoblast mineralization

“…[28][29][30] It is associated with various inflammation-associated diseases including cancer, 31 hepatitis, 32 osteoarthritis, 33 and also periodontitis. 14,21,34,35 It has been demonstrated that the amounts of CCL2expressing cells in inflammatory human gingival tissue are directly relevant to the degree of inflammation, and monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells are the main producers. 22,23 Nevertheless, to our knowledge, no one had ever examined the expression of CCL2 in inflammatory cementoblasts, which is also an important aspect of periodontal cells.…”

“…CCL2 (also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, MCP‐1) is a potent chemokine that binds to its functional receptor CCR2 expressed on monocytes and macrophages for involvement in many biological functions, such as macrophage recruitment and polarization, cell growth and survival, and cell proliferation migration and invasion 28–30 . It is associated with various inflammation‐associated diseases including cancer, 31 hepatitis, 32 osteoarthritis, 33 and also periodontitis 14,21,34,35 . It has been demonstrated that the amounts of CCL2‐expressing cells in inflammatory human gingival tissue are directly relevant to the degree of inflammation, and monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells are the main producers 22,23 .…”

Human gingival tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibit proliferation and invasion of rheumatoid fibroblast‐like synoviocytes via the CD39/CD73 signaling pathway

“…The IL‐6 inhibitor tocilizumab has shown good efficacy in RA patients 32 . MCP‐1 was increased in the synovial fluid and serum of RA patients 33,34 . Synovial tissue macrophages constitutively produce MCP‐1 that has a chemotactic activity in monocytes, activates monocytes and macrophages, and releases other cytokines, suggesting that MCP‐1 is related to RA pathogenesis 35 .…”

Potential Impact of Prosthetic Biomaterials on the Periodontium: A Comprehensive Review

“…Biological means for detection of this chemokine include FCG, saliva and tissue biopsies, and it has even been detected at the systemic level by collecting a blood serum sample [ 169 ]. In relation to PD, it has been shown that levels of fractalkine/CX3CL1, CX3CR1 and IL-1β in FCG are increased in patients with periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy patients [ 104 ].…”

“…In relation to PD, it has been shown that levels of fractalkine/CX3CL1, CX3CR1 and IL-1β in FCG are increased in patients with periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy patients [ 104 ]. Additionally, as a very close link to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Yilmaz et al [ 169 ] and Panezai et al [ 170 ] analyzed CX3CL1 levels in patients with periodontitis and RA, finding a statistically significant increase in their levels compared to their control groups represented by systemically and periodontally healthy patients. Additionally, in relation to prosthetic restorations, the influence of titanium implants and long-standing amalgam restorations on the levels of L-Kyn/L-Trp and chemokines such as CX3CL1 and MCP-1 has been evaluated.…”